Research hypotheses

A number of culprits were suggested. Some researchers hypothesized that the launch of space vehicles or the use of high-flying... 

Clinicians, families, patients, and policy makers can be faced with various questions about the pharmacological treatment of children and adolescents with mental illness. The following are some types of questions that are often formulated into research hypotheses for clinical trials ... 

There are potentially exciting corollaries to this hypothesis. First, if the ultimate increase in serotonin at critical synapses is required for therapeutic actions, then its failure to occur may explain why some patients respond to an SSRI and others do not. Also, if new drugs could be designed to increase serotonin at the right places at a faster rate, it could result in a much needed rapid-acting antidepressant. Such ideas are mere research hypotheses at this time but could lead to additional studies clarifying the molecular events that are key mediators of depressive illness as well as of antidepressant treatment responses. 

These facts are therefore only lines of experimental research, hypotheses for the theoretical elaboration of other results, or the delimitation of areas within which more mathematical information may be obtained. 

In science one may distinguish between working hypotheses, scientific hypotheses, research hypotheses, and statistical hypotheses. In this ranking the degree of generality of a hypothesis decreases whereas its precision increases. 

Iodine, iron, and zinc increased in wells over the concentrations in the brine or local groundwater, represented by the private (PVT) well. The researchers hypothesized that chemical displacement of ions coating the sand grains took place. This explanation is plausible for the iron alone. Hence, another explanation was... 

The oxidation of -butane to maleic anhydride is a 14-electron oxidation. It involves the abstraction of eight hydrogen atoms, the insertion of three oxygen atoms, and a multi-step polyfunctional reaction mechanism that occurs entirely on the adsorbed phase. No intermediates have been observed under standard continuous flow conditions, although mechanisms for this process have been proposed based on a variety of experimental and theoretical findings. The description of the active site is linked to the mechanism and is the subject of considerable debate in the literature. The mechanisms are linked to the researchers hypotheses of the active site, which will be discussed in a separate section in this chapter. It is widely accepted that the (100) plane of vanadyl pyrophosphate, (VO)2P207, (referred to as the (020) plane by certain authors) plays an important role in the selective oxidation of butane. 

Exposure to nitrites appears to be associated with tumor incidence and infectious disease in animals. In humans, volatile nitrite use has been associated with Kaposi s sarcoma, a cancer that commonly occurs with AIDS. Researchers hypothesize... 

Early controlled studies of the psychoactivity of various species in the former Czechoslovakia concluded that Psilocybe semilanceata is a more potently psychoactive species than Psilocybe bohemica, even though both species were found to contain the same amounts of psilocybin. Thus, researchers hypothesized that the mushrooms are likely to... 

Q.26.15 (a) Wliat does the mass spectrometer use to separate analytes (b) A researcher hypothesizes that two compounds have different molar masses. She injects them into a mass spectrometer and they both have identical peaks propose several reasons to explain this result. 

The scientific method is one particular method of acquiring new knowledge. In scientific research, including drug development, our questions need to be asked in a particular manner. These questions are called research questions, and they lead to the development of research hypotheses. The scientific method requires that these research hypotheses be structured in a certain way, and then tested in a scientific manner. As noted earlier, a fundamental characteristic of these research hypotheses is that they can be disproved. The word "disproved" is not a typo These hypotheses need to be able to be disproved, not "proved."... 

Moving from the research question to the research hypotheses... 

Before discussing the connection between the research question and the associated research hypotheses, it should be noted that the word "hypotheses" here is not a typo We meant to write the plural form "hypotheses" and not the singular form "hypothesis." As discussed shortly, each research question has two associated research hypotheses. 

In this book all research questions are addressed and then answered via the construction of two research hypotheses, commonly called the null hypothesis and the alternate hypothesis. (Although another name for the alternate hypothesis, the research hypothesis, has its own appeal, we employ the commonly used term "alternate hypothesis" in this book.) Both of these hypotheses are key components of the procedure of hypothesis testing. This procedure is a statistical way of doing business. It is described and discussed in detail in Chapter 6, but it is beneficial to introduce the main concept here. 

The following are the research question and the two associated research hypotheses that we have formulated so far ... 

This model might also explain the observed depletion of neon in the planet s atmosphere. The Galileo probe s Neutral Mass Spectrometer (GPMS) observed an abundance of neon about one tenth that in the solar atmosphere. Perhaps, researchers hypothesize, neon dissolves in helium droplets as they form in the atmosphere and fall into the planet s interior. This phenomenon is possible because helium and neon, unlike helium and hydrogen, are completely miscible. 

Scientists were also quite surprised by the surface features Callisto displayed. Images taken from only 86 miles (138 km) about the moon s surface showed strong evidence of erosion. Among the most prominent features were strings of jagged hills, made of ice and rock, surrounded by dark patches of dust. Researchers hypothesize that the hills were formed when bodies from interplanetary space collided with the moon, throwing crustal material upward. Over time, ice contained within the crustal material may have evaporated away, leaving behind the solid dusty material that forms the dark patches around the hills. 

The hypothesis was refined s2 on the new information, and research was designed to test the hypothesis. Specifically, the researchers hypothesized that the brains of Parkinson s sufferers had low levels of dopamine. Brain studies showed this to be the case. The results were published so that other scientists might repeat the research and confirm or refute the conclusions. Because other scientists confirmed the results of the dopamine research, the hypothesis became accepted in the scientific community. 

The role of DEET, and of compounds used with it, in generating psychiatric symptoms is suggestive but unclear. The combined exposure of DEET and chloroquine, for example, may result in mental retardation (Sesline and Jackson 1994). Considering the exposure of troops in the Gulf War to the potentially toxic combination of DEET, PB, and permethrin, researchers hypothesized that GWS resulted from such combinations (Abou-Donia et al. 1996). 

The results of recent studies have challenged the long-held belief that lipids are randomly mixed in each leaflet of a bilayer. The first hint that lipids may be organized within the leaflets was the discovery that the residues remaining after the extraction of plasma membranes with detergents contain two lipids cholesterol and sphingomyelin. Because these two lipids are found in more ordered, less fluid bilayers, researchers hypothesized that they form microdomains, termed lipid rafts, surrounded by other more fluid phospholipids that are easily extracted by detergents. 

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