Research approaches systems

In terms of our research approach, we have followed a proven method Analyze the needs and the requirements, the demonstrated processes, and the methods and systems they try to or have to satisfy, and if you find a gap , you have found an innovation opportunity. Note that when we search for this gap, it will simultaneously appear as a missing process in our CIMpgr model or as an existing process but missing attributes as well as a requirement in our CORA model (component-oriented requirements analysis) model ... 

Cross-disciplinary research approaches need to build on an understanding of how different methods relate to their research world , and what this means. For example, if laboratory research, field trials, crop rotation experiments and on-farm research are compared, they differ in complexity, and subsequently in the conditions for experimentation and control, and thereby for replications or reproductions of phenomena. They also differ with respect to the need for ethical considerations. Furthermore, systemic approaches that include, for example, the human and social parts of the agricultural systems into their research world are often perceived as less scientific than conventional, analytical approaches, which have delimited their research worlds to exclude those aspects of reality. However, these obviously different approaches are not different in their potential for doing good science. This recognition can serve as a basis for a reflexive discussion of the focus and meaning conveyed by different research perspectives and the strengths and weaknesses of different research methods in cross-disciplinary research approaches. 

Capitalizing on this metabolic difference between higher forms of life and micro-organisms is the basis for this research approach to wood protection. Compounds are available which inhibit the cellulase enzyme systems however, their specificity has not been determined. Mandels and Reese (21,22) found that the extracts from the immature fruit of persimmon or the extract from leaves of bayberry were very effective inhibitors of the cellulase system. At concentration levels of. 00005 and. 00018%, respectively, these two extracts inhibited the cellulase enzymes isolated from Trichoderma viride. It is not known what the active component(s) are in these two extracts. 

Validation of clinical research computer systems should demonstrate that the compnter system is suitable for its intended purpose." Validation is achieved throngh a life-cycle approach to compnter system development, operation, and maintenance. The varions international GCP/GLP reqnirements also emphasize the importance of data integrity. This covers data inpnt, manipnlation, ontpnt, and archiving. 

The technical problems involved with any attempt to use analogously systematic research approaches to a potential transmitter in the central nervous system are great. Peripheral synapses can be isolated by microdissection, they can remain functional in an isolated profusion experimental situation for hours, and their activation can be manifested by clearly defined and measurable phenomena (such as the miniature end-plate potential or the contraction of smooth muscle). The central nervous system has little in the way of focal synaptic regions. The dendrites and the cell bodies of central neurons are densely covered with synapses, many of which may be of a chemically heterogenous nature. In addition, the extra-neuronal space is packed with a tangle of glia, closely approximating the membranous surfaces of nerve cells and possibly intrinsically important to their function. This makes the isolated, chemical manipulation of central synapses extremely difficult. (Mandell and Spooner 1968, p. 1443)... 

In the other research approach, mass transfer is investigated in G/L systems in stirred tanks or in bubble columns and the coalescence condition of the system is derived from the measured k a values. This approach also enables apparatus- and process-related parameters, which can also affect the coalescence, to be taken into consideration The coalescence tendency in a bubble swarm considerably depends upon the primary bubble size and upon the gas bubble density. 

Scientific research is never value-free and values determine the research questions asked. The organic farming movement has chosen a set of values stated in their production standards (IFOAM 1996). Instead of differentiating the organic research approach from the conventional one, it can be considered compliant to systems theory, as is widely acknowledged. 

This volume discusses the fundamentals of biotechnology that is, kinetics and thermodynamics in biological systems. State-of-the-art keynote chapters by established researchers are employed to provide the proper perspective and direction. Other chapters present new, less settled research approaches. 

Leplat, Jacques. 1987. Occupational accident research and systems approach. In New Technology and Human Error, ed. Jens Rasmussen, Keith Duncan, and Jacques Leplat, 181-191. New York John Wiley Sons. 

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