Requirements specification, automated

Commercially viable transfer printing technology of the sort described in these sections for most applications will require great positional control of stamps relative to mother substrates and receiving substrates (few micrometers or better), a method for reliable contact and separation with good speed control, and the capability to perform transfers many times (tens to hundreds per minute). These requirements necessitate automation and the development of new tools (and stamps) designed specifically for the printing process. 

This requirements specification applies whether the underlying process is manual or automated. The new version refines the required one ... 

Automation of Prep-HPLC. Reverse phase prep-HPLC separation has proven to be a very reproducible technique. For this reason, the process can be automated. In addition to the standard components of an HPLC system, the following are required for automation an autoinjector capable of large volume injections (2.0 to 5.0 ml), a programmable controller (a microprocessor controller), a fraction collector, and a waste valve (3-way valve) controlled by a solenoid (Fig. A). The microprocessor should allow programming of the solvent flow rate, the sequence for solvent gradient formation, the time of injection, advancement of the fraction collector (to collect specific fractions rather than just uniformly incremented advancement), and control of a waste valve. 

The capabilities of antibody microarray technology are similar to those for DNA array methods selectivity of immunoreagents in complex protein lysates rapid, massively parallel analysis of proteins small sample volume requirement and automation and compatibility with DNA microarray technologies (in hardware, software, and bioinformatics) also, native proteins are analyzed, which affords information on specific structure and protein-protein interactions. Limitations of this... 

Intended use User requirement specification Analysis of drug products and substances Automated analysis of up to 100 samples/day Limit of quantitation <0.05% Automated confirmation of peak purity and identity with diode-array detection Compatible with 2-mm to 4.6-mm i.d. columns... 

For simple titrations the equipment necessary is not particularly sophisticated a thermometer, a buret, and an insulated beaker (or even two Styrofoam cups, one sitting in the other) will do. However, if one wants to measure specific heats or the heat of reaction, better control is required. Modern automated thermometric titrators consist of a constant delivery pump for the titrant, a temperature control system for the titrant, an insulated cell, cahbration circuitry, electronic temperature sensing, and a data processing system. Most modem instraments are totally computerized, so different methods can be programmed and mn unattended. 

In addition to the tools described for specific searches of the CSD, one of the major requirements for crystal engineering is a capability to compare sets of crystal structures in order to identify degrees of similarity and difference. It is obvious that this task has formed the very basis of the development of crystal engineering, [40] but consistent with the general contemporary trend there is a move towards automated procedures for large-scale structure comparison. The key concept that is required for automation is some unique representation of a crystal structure. Standard items in a CSD entry can cause problems in this respect for example, unit-cell parameters may differ on account of thermal expansion the space group may be influenced by a particular choice of origin... 

Both instrumental extraction techniques have specific advantages and limitations when coupled to GC and GC-MS. This should be taken into consideration when choosing an analysis procedure. In particular, the nature of the sample material, the concentration range for the measurement and the effort required to automate the analyses for large numbers of samples play a significant role. The recovery and the partition coefficient, and thus the sensitivity which can be achieved, are relevant to the analytical assessment of the procedure. For both procedures, it must be possible to vaporize the substances being analysed below 150 °C and then to partition them in the gas phase. The vapour pressure and solubility of the analytes in the sample matrix, as well as the extraction temperature, affect both procedures (Figure 2.27). 

Vogel-Heuser, B., Legat, C., Folmer, J., Rosch, S. Challenges of parallel evolution in production automation focusing on requirements specification and fault handling. Automatisierungstech-nik 62(11), 758-770 (2014)... 

Time, Cost, and Equipment Automated chemical kinetic methods of analysis provide a rapid means for analyzing samples, with throughputs ranging from several hundred to several thousand determinations per hour. The initial start-up costs, however, may be fairly high because an automated analysis requires a dedicated instrument designed to meet the specific needs of the analysis. When handled manually, chemical kinetic methods can be accomplished using equipment and instrumentation routinely available in most laboratories. Sample throughput, however, is much lower than with automated methods. 

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