Requirements in Germany

During the design and manufacturing of RPVIs for plants built before 1984 these rules were covered by specifications related to the project. 

Components of the RVIs in these standards are categorized in three requirement levels, AS-RE 1 to AS-RE 3, depending on their individual tasks and functions. 

In all the chapters of these standards, the actual German standards and regulations, as e g. DIN-EN, AD, SEW, VdTiiv guidelines, are to be applied. 

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High Pressure in the Chemical Industry. The use of high pressure in industry may be traced to early efforts to Hquefy the so-called permanent gases using a combination of pressure and low temperature. At about the same time the chemical industry was becoming involved in high pressure processes. The discovery of mauveine in 1856 led to the development of the synthetic dye industry which was well estabUshed, particularly in Germany, by the end of the century. Some of the intermediate compounds required for the production of dyes were produced, in autoclaves, at pressures of 5-8 MPa (725-1160 psi). 

The dominant role of petroleum in the chemical industry worldwide is reflected in the landscapes of, for example, the Ruhr Valley in Germany and the U.S. Texas/Louisiana Gulf Coast, where petrochemical plants coimected by extensive and complex pipeline systems dot the countryside. Any movement to a different feedstock would require replacement not only of the chemical plants themselves, but of the expensive infrastmcture which has been built over the last half of the twentieth century. Moreover, because petroleum is a Hquid which can easily be pumped, change to any of the soHd potential feedstocks (like coal and biomass) would require drastic changes in feedstock handling systems. 

The first definitive studies of boron hydrides were carried out by Alfred Stock in Germany starting about 1912 (1). Through extensive and now classic synthetic studies, the field of boron hydride chemistry was founded with the isolation of a series of highly reactive, air-sensitive, and volatile compounds of general composition and This accomplishment required the development of basic vacuum line techniques for the... 

Grain that is usable as food or feed is an expensive substrate for this fermentation process. A cheaper substrate might be some source of cellulose such as wood or agricultural waste. This, however, requires hydrolysis of cellulose to yield glucose. Such a process was used in Germany during World War II to produce yeast as a protein substitute. Another process for the hydrolysis of wood, developed by the U.S. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, uses mineral acid as a catalyst. This hydrolysis industry is very large in the former Soviet Union but it is not commercial elsewhere. 

All cable references contained in this text are based upon cable specifications in Germany as required by DIN (Deutsche Industrie Normen). We are aware that these specifications may or may not be applicable to the reader s specific requirements, and we therefore recommend the reader consult local standards and codes to ensure compliance with the necessary local codes. Some of the cables are defined in a list of American and European electrical cable sizes located in the front of this book. 

Anodic protection today allows safe and efficient protection of air coolers and banks of tubes in sulfuric acid plants. In 1966 the air cooler in a sulfuric acid plant in Germany was anodically protected. Since then more than 10,000 m of cooling surfaces in air- and water-cooled sulfuric acid plants worldwide have been protected. The dc output supply of the potentiostats amounts to >25 kW, corresponding to an energy requirement of 2.5 W per m of protected surface. As an example. Fig. 21-9 shows two parallel-connected sulfuric acid smooth tube exchangers in a production plant in Spain. 

Hot (230-240°F) potassium carbonate treating was patented in Germany in 1904 and perfected into modem commercial requirements by the U.S. Bureau of Mines. The U.S. Bureau of Mines was working on Fischer-Tropsch synthesis gas at the time. Potassium carbonate treating requires high partial pressures of CO2. It therefore cannot successfully treat gas containing only H2S. ... 

As stated in Chapter 1, ISO/TS 16949 harmonizes the quality system requirements of the automotive industry in the USA, Germany, France, and Italy. It does not contain all automotive quality system requirements. All participating organizations have customer-specific requirements in addition, which may be issued separately or included in individual contracts for the supply of products and services. 

Riboflavin was first isolated from whey in 1879 by Blyth, and the structure was determined by Kuhn and coworkers in 1933. For the structure determination, this group isolated 30 mg of pure riboflavin from the whites of about 10,000 eggs. The discovery of the actions of riboflavin in biological systems arose from the work of Otto Warburg in Germany and Hugo Theorell in Sweden, both of whom identified yellow substances bound to a yeast enzyme involved in the oxidation of pyridine nucleotides. Theorell showed that riboflavin 5 -phosphate was the source of the yellow color in this old yellow enzyme. By 1938, Warburg had identified FAD, the second common form of riboflavin, as the coenzyme in D-amino acid oxidase, another yellow protein. Riboflavin deficiencies are not at all common. Humans require only about 2 mg per day, and the vitamin is prevalent in many foods. This vitamin... 

Some people believe that bicyclists require dedicated bike lanes and trails. This is a half-truth. Certainly, these lacilities are widespread in Germany and the Netherlands, but they are far less common in other cycling countries such as the United Kingdom, France, and Cuba. In those countries, bicyclists have long known that they can share the road with auto-... 

The extent of validation of confirmatory techniques is currently under consideration. Qne approach is that the extent of validation may be smaller than for the enforcement method. In principle, validation in triplicate at the relevant concentration level (LOQ or MRL) is sufficient. In the case where an MRL is set for multiple crops, a single validation in all representative crop groups is sufficient. A confirmatory method for residues in air is not required if a corresponding method was submitted for the other sample matrices. This approach is realized in Germany. ... 

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