Kidney chronic

Toxicology. Carbon tetrabromide is a lacri-mator high concentrations may cause upper respiratory irritation and injury to the lungs, liver, and kidneys. Chronic exposure is expected to cause liver injury. 

Exposure to formic acid is potentially dangerous. It irritates the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes and may also be toxic to the kidneys. Chronic exposure may lead to kidney damage or dermatitis. Acute exposure produces a variety of symptoms including eye irritation, blisters in the mouth and nasal membranes, headache, nausea, and breathing difficulties. Extreme exposure results in unconsciousness and death. 

Received December 4, 1973. Work supported in part by agreement NIH-IA 02-88038 with the Artificial Kidney-Chronic Uremia Program, National Institute of Arthritic, Metabolic, and Digestive Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Md. 

Henderson, L.W., Ford, C.A., and Lysaght, M.J. Contractors Conference, Artificial Kidney Chronic Uremia Program,... 

This work was supported by Contract NOl-AM-2-2221 from the Artificial Kidney-Chronic Uremia Program of the National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism and Digestive Diseases, National Institute of Health. 

In the last several decades, there have been several studies in experimental animals, case reports in humans, case studies in humans, and epidemiological studies in humans on the effects of solvents on the kidney, both acutely and chronically. The scope of diis chapter is the clinical chronic effects of solvents on the kidney (chronic nephrotoxicology). 

In the field of membrane dialysis the results of an evaluation study for the artificial kidney-chronic uremia programme have been reported (15 contributors). Comparative clinical studies are concerned principally with the relative merits of celiulosic and polyacrylonitrile-based membranes. New membranes based on poly(vinyl alcohol) modified in various ways and on ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers have been described. The manufacture, and influence of manufacturing parameters, on the structure and function of membranes for artifical kidneys have been discussed. The use of assymmetric hollow fibre haemodialysers (polyamide, polyurethane, polyester) has been considered in some detail. ... 

CioHjjNOi. White crystals, m.p. 137-138°C. Prepared from phenol, via />-nitro-phenol, p-nitrophenetole and /7-phenetidine. It is used medicinally as an antipyretic analgesic similar to aspirin. It has chronic toxicity towards the kidney. 

Effects of repeated ethylene glycol peroral overexposure in treated rats and mice can result in kidney, Hver, and nervous system damage. The most sensitive indicators of ethylene glycol toxicity are disturbances in acid—base balance and nephrotoxic (kidney) effects. Effects of repeated chronic peroral overexposure of diethylene glycol in treated rats result in kidney and Hver damage (48). 

Rats showed no adverse effects from 5.0% dipropylene glycol in their drinking water for 77 days, but at a dose of 10.0% in the drinking water, kidney and Hver injury and some deaths occurred (35). A sufficient number of studies have not been carried out on tripropylene glycol to permit conclusions to be drawn regarding its chronic oral toxicity. 

Exposure to excessive amounts of lead over a long period of time (chronic exposure) increases the risk of developing certain diseases. The parts of the body which may be affected include the blood, nervous system, digestive system, reproductive system, and kidneys. These effects include anemia, muscular weakness, kidney damage, and reproductive effects, such as reduced fertiHty in both men and women, and damage to the fetus of exposed pregnant women. 

Lead is toxic to the kidney, cardiovascular system, developiag red blood cells, and the nervous system. The toxicity of lead to the kidney is manifested by chronic nephropathy and appears to result from long-term, relatively high dose exposure to lead. It appears that the toxicity of lead to the kidney results from effects on the cells lining the proximal tubules. Lead inhibits the metaboHc activation of vitamin D in these cells, and induces the formation of dense lead—protein complexes, causing a progressive destmction of the proximal tubules (13). Lead has been impHcated in causing hypertension as a result of a direct action on vascular smooth muscle as well as the toxic effects on the kidneys (12,13). 

The health effects of sorbic acid and sorbates have been reviewed (165—167). The extremely low toxicity of sorbic acid enhances its desirabiHty as a food preservative. The oral LD q for sorbic acid in rats is 7—10 g/kg body weight compared to 5 g/kg for sodium chloride (165—169). In subacute and chronic toxicity tests in rats, 5% sorbic acid in the diet results in no abnormal effects after 90 days or lifetime feeding studies. A level of 10% in rat diets results in a slight enlargement of the Hver, kidneys, and thyroid gland (170). This same dietary level fed to mice also resulted in an increase in Hver and kidney weight... 

Calcium channel blockers cause more pronounced lowering of blood pressure in hypertensive patients than in normotensive individuals. Generally, all calcium channel blockers cause an immediate increase in PRA during acute treatment in patients having hypertension but PRA is normalized during chronic treatment despite the sustained decrease in blood pressure. These agents also do not generally produce sodium and water retention, unlike the conventional vasodilators. This is because they produce diuretic effects by direct actions on the kidney. 

The ACGIH recommended maximum time-weighted average concentration in the workplace atmosphere for eight-hour daily exposure is 10 ppm. OSHA has set the permissible exposure level at 2 ppm. It maybe desirable to exclude alcohoHcs, persons with chronic disorders of the Hver, kidneys, and central nervous system, and those with nutritional deficiencies from working with chloroform. 

The vapors of aHyl chloride are very irritating to the eyes, nose, and throat. Lung injury may be delayed in onset. Liver and kidney injury can result from exposure to vapors kidney injury is expected to be most severe in acute exposures. High concentrations of vapor can be lethal. FoHowing chronic exposures to the vapors, Hver injury would be expected to occur first (23). 

In cases of chronic kidney diseases, a doctor should he consulted before using Bladder and kidney tea. 

Late Toxicity - Where there is evidence that a chemical can cause cancer, mutagenic effects, teratogenic effects, or delayed injury to vital organs such as the liver or kidney, a qualitative description of the chemical is given. The term implies long-term or chronic effects due to exposure to the chemical. 

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