Tubular dilatation

Renal effects have been observed in both male and female rats in a chronic-duration oral study. Male Fischer 344 rats exposed to 1,4-dichlorobenzene at 150 and 300 mg/kg/day for 2 years exhibited nephropathy, epithelial hyperplasia of the renal pelvis, mineralization of the collecting tubules in the renal medulla, and focal hyperplasia of the tubular epithelium. Each of these effects was associated with hyalin droplet formation. There were also increased incidences of nephropathy in female Fischer 344 rats dosed with 1,4-dichlorobenzene at 300 and 600 mg/kg/day. Histopathologically, the nephropathy was characterized by degeneration and regeneration of the tubular epithelium, tubular dilatation with attenuation and atrophy of the epithelium, granular casts in the tubules of the outer stripe of the medulla, thickening of the basement membranes, and minimal accumulation of interstitial collagen (NTP 1987). 

Renal Effects. Acute renal failure occurred in a man who washed his hair with an unknown amount of diesel fuel (Barrientos et al. 1977). In addition, he had oliguria biopsy revealed mitosis and vacuolization in renal cells, tubular dilation, and some cellular proliferation in the glomerulus. Another man developed acute tubular renal necrosis after washing his hands with an unspecified diesel fuel over several weeks (Crisp et al. 1979). Specifically, patchy degeneration and necrosis of the proximal and distal tubular epithelium with preservation of the basement membranes were noted. Also, increased blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels were noted in this individual. Effects resulting from inhalation versus dermal exposure could not be distinguished in these cases. 

Renal Effects. In one individual, acute renal failure was noted from inhalation and/or dermal exposure to diesel fuel which was used as a shampoo. Biopsy detected tubular dilation, mitosis, and vacuolization in renal cells, and some cellular proliferation in the glomerulus in this individual (Barrientos et al. 1977). Another individual experienced renal failure following inhalation of diesel fuel vapor for 10 days (Reidenberg et al. 1964). Renal necrosis developed in one man after washing his hands with diesel fuel over several weeks (Crisp et al. 1979). Urinalysis was normal following inhalation of JP-5 by two individuals or ingestion of kerosene by numerous individuals (Dudin et al. 1991 Mahdi 1988 Nouri and Al-Rahim 1970 Porter 1990). 

In summary, the following effects were noted in males but not in a dose related maimer (1) renal cytoplasmic vacuolahon, anisokaryosis, nuclear vesiculation, nuclear pyknosis, tubular dilatation, tubular atrophy, and reticulin sclerosis were observed at 0.05 mg U/kg/day and above (all dose levels) (2) nuclear hyperchromicity was observed at 0.20 mg U/kg/day and above and (3) apical displacement of nuclei, protein casts, and collagen sclerosis were observed at low and high doses, but not at some intermediate doses. 

The vulnerabihty of nephrogenesis to ACEI extends after birth. When newborn rats were exposed during postnatal days 0-12 to enalapril medullary tubulogen-esis was perturbed, as indicated by tubular dilatation and lack of E cadheiin expression in these tubules. In the medulla of these enalapril treated rats ED2+, ED1+ and CD4+ T-cells were upregulated, accompanied by an increased TNF-alpha expression [69]. 

Figure 2. Renal biopsy of patient with HIV nephropathyshowing pronounced tubular dilatation. H E staining, orig. magn. x300.

Figure 6. High power view of tubular cysts lined by simple cuboidal epithelium (labeled c). Adjacent tubules show tubular dilatation (labeled d). PAS stain, orig. magn. x 100. (Reproduced with permission from Markowitz etal [100]).

Kidney Atypical tubular dilation Atypical tubular hyperplasia... 

Hydropic degeneration of the convoluted tubules, destruction of tubular epithelial cells, tubular dilation, and proteinaceous casts were observed in half of the rabbits treated with Aroclor 1260 in an isopropanol... 

The sites of microinjection were determined by measurement of lis-samine green tubular transit times (8). Three puncture sites were taken into consideration. "Early" and "late" proximal respectively correspond to the first or second and the last proximal convolution to appear on the renal surface and "distal" was a superficial convolution of a distal tubule. A microinjection was considered to be technically satisfactory if the rate of injection was maintained constant, no reflux and no visible tubular dilatation occurred and if recovery of injected inulin was 100 jh 5 %. The rate of microinjection was adjusted to approximate single nephron filtration rates. 

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