Tetrachloroethylene removal

Typical reactions using either 1,2-dichloroethane or 1,2-dichloropropane to produce carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloroethylene by the chlorinolysis reaction are shown in equations 21—23. Continued removal of tetrachloroethylene and recycling of carbon tetrachloride can result in a net zero production of carbon tetrachloride. Most chemical producers using chlorinolysis for the production of perchloroethylene in the future will take advantage of the per/tet equiUbrium to maximize perchloroethylene to avoid carbon tetrachloride ipiod.uction.From 1,2-dichloroethane ... 

The disulfide was chlorinated in wet tetrachloroethylene to give dinitrobenzenesul-fonyl chloride. When the solvent was being removed by evaporation, the residue exploded. Some of the less stable sulfenyl chloride may have been present. 

Perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene) is a nonflammable solvent of low toxicity that dissolves and removes H blister and V nerve agents but does not neutralize them. NIOSH has recommended that this substance be treated as a potential human carcinogen. It does not work with G nerve agents. 

Cooper, W.J., Cadavid, E., Nickelsen, M.G., Lin, K., Ford, D.B., Kurucz, C.N., and Waite, T.D., The removal of tri- (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (Tetra-CE) from aqueous solution using high-energy electrons, /. Air Waste Manage., 43, 1358-1366, 1993a. 

Mixtures of lithium shavings and several halocarbon derivatives are impact-sensitive and will explode, sometimes violently [1,2]. Such materials include bromoform, carbon tetrabromide, carbon tetrachloride, carbon tetraiodide, chloroform, dichloromethane, diiodomethane, fhiorotrichloromethane, tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene and 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane. In an operational incident, shearing samples off a lithium billet immersed in carbon tetrachloride caused an explosion and continuing combustion of the immersed metal [3]. Lithium which had been washed in carbon tetrachloride to remove traces of oil exploded when cut with a knife. Hexane is recommended as a suitable washing solvent [4]. A few drops of carbon tetrachloride on burning lithium was without effect, but a 25 cc portion caused a violent explosion [5]. 

Cleaning agents Dry cleaning fluid and spot removers contain tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethane degreasers contain those ingredients as well as trichloroethylene and methylene chloride. Trichlorethylene and trichlorethane are... 

The following procedure9,10 takes advantage of the ability of tetrachloroethylene to remove chlorine from solutions of molybdenum(V) chloride and in this maimer bring about a convenient photochemical synthesis of very pure molyb-denum(IV) chloride. 

The quantitative synthesis of molybdenum(IV) chloride 1ms been similarly accomplished in a two-day reaction at 150° in the presence of a 100-watt light bulb. However, purification cannot be done by sublimation due to the thermal instability of the product. Thus it is necessary to extract the product with the excess tetrachloroethylene to remove excess molybdc-num(V) chloride and hexachloroethane. The reaction and extraction of the product can be conveniently done in a single vessel as described elsewhere.12 This is not as convenient as the method of Larson and Moore13 but it does avoid contamination by carbonaceous impurities which result in the benzene reduction of molybdenum(V) chloride. 

Treatments. Small fabric samples were removed very carefully from the tapestry and transferred into glass vessels to which treatment liquids were added in sufficient amount to assure complete immersion. The samples remained for 1 h in these liquids. Distilled water and distilled water containing 1 g/L of Synperonic N, an ethoxylated nonylphenol, nonionic surfactant were used for aqueous treatments. Commercial grade tetrachloroethylene was selected for the nonaqueous treatments. All treatments were made at room temperature. After the samples were removed from the liquids, they were allowed to dry in open air at 21 °C and 65% rh. 

Laboratory Treatments. Colorfastness of the dyed wool samples was determined in aqueous and nonaqueous media. Colored samples were cut into 2- X 2-in. squares and sandwiched between multifiber fabrics (Test Fabrics) and undyed wool fabrics of the same dimensions. The fabrics were loosely sewn together by hand with white cotton thread. Two surfactants were chosen for the aqueous treatments Tergitol NPX, a nonionic ethoxylated nonylphenol (Union Carbide) and Orvus WA, an anionic sodium alkyl sulfate (Proctor Gamble). Solutions of 0.1% surfactant in distilled water were prepared. Tests were run in 250-mL Erlenmeyer flasks at a liquor-to-cloth ratio of 50 1. The flasks were placed in an Eberbach constant-temperature shaker bath adjusted to 30 °C and an agitation of 40 cycles/min. Treatment time was 1 h, after which the samples were opened and allowed to dry on blotter paper. This same procedure was used for the nonaqueous treatments. Commercial grade tetrachloroethylene (R. R. Street Co.) with and without 1% Aerosol OT, the anionic surfactant sodium sulfosuccinate (Aldrich Chemical) was selected. The treated samples were removed from the liquids, opened, and dried on blotter paper in a ventilated hood. 

Enrichment of Cl-containing organic hydrocarbons 112-trichloroethene (1) trichloroethylene (2) tetrachloroethylene (3) Removal of organic solvent from wastewater... 

Removal of tetrachloroethylene from surfactant-based soil remediation fluid Hydrophobic membranes TCE removal averaged 95.8% during peak surfactant levels and exceeded 99.9% in the absence of surfactant [104]... 

While the TRUEX process has been optimized for the removal of trivalent aetinides, partieu-larly Am ", from nuclear waste solutions, CMPO has the ability to eomplex with and extraet tetravalent actinides as well. Th, Np, and Pu are all effectively extraeted from hydroehlorie acid solutions into tetrachloroethylene, even at moderate HCl concentrations, with extraetability following the trend Pu > Np > Th under all experimental eonditions. Additionally, Pu shows the highest extraction efficiency of all actinides by CMPO into TBPModeeane... 

The US EPA has identified many types of organic compounds in our water supplies. Some of the organic compounds are volatile, and, as a result, aeration would be a good process selection for removing them from water. For compounds that are non-volatile, adsorption would be a better process selection than aeration for their removal from the water. Some common volatiles include trihalomethanes, which have already been discussed chlorobenzene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, and trichloroethylene. Aeration can achieve up to 95% removal of these compounds. 

Some VOCs can be malodorous pollutants, sensory irritants, or hazardous air pollutants. Hazardous VOC air pollutants include acetaldehyde, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, ethylbenzene, formaldehyde, hexane, methylene chloride, naphthalene, paradichlorobenzene, pesticides (biocides), styrene, tetrachloroethylene, toluene, trichloroethylene, and xylenes. They are found in essentially all indoor locations, released by off gassing from numerous sources, such as construction and decorating materials, consumer products, paints, paint removers, furnishings, carpets, and from combustion of wood, kerosene, and tobacco. While more than 500 VOCs have... 

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