Remedial treatment action

The core of this statutory definition of remediation is the part described in the statutory guidance as remedial treatment action . (For drafting reasons, remediation as defined also encompasses detailed site characterisation—described as assessment action —and post-remediation monitoring— monitoring action .) A remedial treatment action is defined as ... 

Monitoring. As suggested above, the Part IIA enforcement process can require action to be taken to monitor sites after remedial treatment action has been carried out. This obligation covers significant pollutant linkages that have already been identified, and is intended to pick up any changes that may occur in the condition of their component pollutants, pathways or receptors. 

The possible remedial and preventive actions are hot soaks and drains during cooldown to help remove soluble deposited material, chemical cleaning to remove corrosion products and reduce the pressure drop (see Metal surface treatments), and reduced corrosion product transport into OTSG using amines other than ammonia in feedwater (14). 

It should be noted that early remedial actions for contaminated soil consisted primarily of excavation and removal of the contaminated soil from the site and its disposal at a landfill. SARA strongly recommends on-site treatment that permanently and significantly reduces the volume, toxicity, or mobility of hazardous substances, and utilizes cost-effective permanent solutions. The legislation prohibits land disposal of hazardous wastes unless U.S. EPA determines otherwise (as in the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments, HSWA). 

SARA requires that remedial actions meet all applicable or relevant federal standards or any more stringent state standards. Nine criteria that need to be met are set by CERCLA as amended by SARA for a complete assessment of treatment alternatives applicable for a site remedial action12 ... 

Evaluating the need for a treatability study. The requirement and schedule for treatability studies so as to better evaluate potential remedial alternatives are identified. If remedial actions involving treatment have been identified for a site, then the need for treatability studies should be evaluated as early as possible in the RI/FS process. This is because many treatability studies may take several months or longer to complete. 

Developing remedial action objectives specifying the contaminant and media of interest, exposure pathways, and preliminarily remediation goals that permit a range of treatment and containment alternatives to be developed on the basis of chemical-specific ARARs when available, other available information, and site-specific, risk-... 

Developing general response actions for each medium of interest defining containment, treatment, excavation, pumping, or other actions, singly or in combination, that may be taken to satisfy the remedial action objectives for the site... 

If the remedial action involves the treatment of contaminated water (such as pump-treatment for groundwater recovery or soil-washing for soil recovery, which will be discussed in Section 18.8.2), then the preliminarily recovered water can be combined with a treatment stream for further... 

For practitioners of in situ technologies, note that U.S. EPA has issued a policy statement that reinjection of contaminated groundwater is allowed under Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)35 36 as long as certain conditions are met. This policy is intended to apply to remedies involving in situ bioremediation and other forms of in situ treatment. Under this policy, groundwater may be reinjected if it is treated aboveground prior to reinjection. Treatment may be by a pump-and-treat system or by the addition of amendments meant to facilitate subsurface treatment. Also, the treatment must be intended to substantially reduce hazardous constituents in the groundwater (either before or after reinjection) the cleanup must be protective of human health and the environment and the injection must be part of a response action intended to clean up the environment.37... 

Note that the dried rhizome of Cimicifuga racemosa (British Pharmaceutical Codex, 1934 black cohosh) has been used as a bitter and mild expectorant in the form of a liquid alcoholic extract (1 in 1 dose 0.3-2 mL) and is sold as alternative remedy for the treatment of menopausal syndrome at dose of 40-80 mg/day. The active constituents of black cohosh, and, therefore, the precise molecular mechanism of action involved in the climacteric property of Cimicifuga racemosa, are still unknown. The most recent data suggest that the plant is not estrogenic sensu stricto (126). 

The Washrack/Treatment Area (WTA) Superfund site at McChord Air Force Base is located south of Tacoma in western Washington State. The portion of the site selected for remedial action in the Record of Decision (ROD) is the location of a... 

Chelators bind metals so that they are more readily excreted in the urine. In the past, chelators were routinely prescribed to people with elevated blood lead levels in an effort to accelerate the excretion of lead in the urine. Unless the blood levels are excessively elevated the current treatment is to determine the source of the lead exposure and take remedial action. The problem with chelators is that they are non-specific and bind useful agents such as calcium. 

According to Product Services Company, treatment will be most efficient at temperatures between 40 and 120°E. Pesticides, degreasing agents, and heavy metals may have an adverse impact on the microbial action. The pH should be between 4.5 and 9.5, with an optimum of 7.0. Moisture content should be maintained at 30% throughout the remediation. 

The permitting and regulatory costs given assume that the treatment is part of a Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) remedial action and that the effluent is discharged to a publicly owned treatment works (POTW). 

If St. John s wort can alter levels of cyclosporin in the blood, might it not also interfere with the action of other medications Recent research indicates that it can. Not surprisingly, the affected drugs are those that, like cyclosporin, are also metabolized by cytochrome enzymes. Protease inhibitors, used in the treatment of hiv infections, are a prime example. Because of the popularity of St. John s wort as an antidepressant and the incidence of depression in patients diagnosed with HIV infections, researchers at the U.S. National Institutes of Health decided to investigate the consequences of using the herbal remedy and the protease inhibitor indinavir concurrently. Doctors prescribe indinavir to prevent the hiv virus... 

Nadim, L., Schocken, M.J., Higson, F.J., Gibson, D. T., Bedard, D. L., Bopp, L. H. Mondello, F. J. (1987). Bacterial oxidation of polychlorinated biphenyls. In Proceedings of the 13th Annual Research Symposium on Land Disposal, Remedial Action, Incineration, and Treatment of Hazardous Waste, pp. 395—402. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH (EPA/600/9-87/015). 

With volatile treatment, the feedwater must not contain hardness of condenser-leak constituents. Since no phosphate is present to remove hardness, any contamination assumes major importance. Prompt detection and remedial action is required. Failure to take such action endangers the... 

Among the many different types of ARARs are ambient or chemical-specific requirements, which can be levels set by other laws, such as MCLs, National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), or CWA, CAA, and TSCA regulations, and the long-term remedial action would have to meet those goals. Because not that many ambient or chemical-specific requirements have been established, other types of ARARs must usually be identified. An alternative is for the USEPA to use carcinogenic potency factors or reference doses to set the proper level of treatment. It must be remembered, though, that each ARAR is specific to the remedial activity and not the pollutant. 

The Office of Environmental Restoration and Waste Management (EM) manages the DOE environmental programs. Remedial action at sites throughout the DOE complex involves treatment, disposal, and in some cases transfer to the Waste Management Program of various types of waste. These types of waste are categorized as ... 

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