Related Disciplines

Some of the disciplines that interact or overlap with civil engineering are described here. 

Naval Architecture. As briefly described before, naval architecture specialized in the design of ships. The analysis and design of ship structures is similar to that of civil structures and uses similar computational tools. The difference is in the nature of forces acting on the structures. 

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In this introductory chapter, I shall focus on the institutional beginnings of materials science, and materials engineering as well indeed, MSE became an accepted abbreviation at quite an early stage. Following an examination, in Chapter 2, of the earlier emergence of some related disciplines, the intellectual antecedents to and development of materials science in its early stages are treated in Chapter 3. The field made its first appearance in USA, and for a number of years developed only in that country. Its development elsewhere was delayed by at least a decade. 

Teaching inherently safer technology concepts in undergraduate chemistry, chemical engineering, and related disciplines will be a great benefit as students move into industry after graduation. 

The military employment of pyrotechnics on a large scale other than by the use of BlkPdr is a fairly recent development, dating back to WWI, because pyrotechnic warfare is, as we shall see, mainly a product of high technology. Recognizing the interdependence of pyrotechnics and related disciplines, pertinent prior citations in the Encyclopedia as well as recent developments thru 1976 in the field have been Collected and grouped into the following sections ... 

The series Topics in Current Chemistry presents critical reviews of the present and future trends in modem chemical research. The scope includes aU areas of chemical science, including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine, and materials science. 

A Professional Society for Environmental Scientists and Engineers and Related Disciplines Concerned with Environmental Quality... 

In this chapter we introduce and discuss a number of concepts that are commonly used in the electrochemical literature and in the remainder of this book. In particular we will illuminate the relation of electrochemical concepts to those used in related disciplines. Electrochemistry has much in common with surface science, which is the study of solid surfaces in contact with a gas phase or, more commonly, with ultra-high vacuum (uhv). A number of surface science techniques has been applied to electrochemical interfaces with great success. Conversely, surface scientists have become attracted to electrochemistry because the electrode charge (or equivalently the potential) is a useful variable which cannot be well controlled for surfaces in uhv. This has led to a laudable attempt to use similar terminologies for these two related sciences, and to introduce the concepts of the absolute scale of electrochemical potentials and the Fermi level of a redox reaction into electrochemistry. Unfortunately, there is some confusion of these terms in the literature, even though they are quite simple. 

It is hoped that this book will continue to serve as a useful undergraduate text for students of chemical engineering and related disciplines. 

Discussion of the following three examples, namely, general toxicology, cancer toxicology, and analytical chemistry will be used to illustrate the point. They have been selected because, among the life science-related disciplines, they cover the spectrum of needs for scientific "judgements. ... 

Whatever the true merits of the reasons and the justifications for the conservative attitudes of most scientists, it is true that one seldom hears arguments for avoiding errors of the second kind, especially for small differences between means(d). It appears instead that there is a convention in the life science-related disciplines which automatically sets at 0.05 the maximum acceptable value for errors of the first kind without critical consideration of all that that might entail. 

Some Areas of Application. I next summarize some areas of application where expert systems exist or are being developed, usually by several laboratories. Some of these areas are covered in detail in other presentations as part of this symposium. I want to emphasize that this is a partial list primarily of scientific and engineering applications. A similar list could easily be generated for operations research, economics, law, and so forth. Some of the areas are outside strict definitions of the fields of chemistry and chemical engineering, but I have included them to illustrate the breadth of potential applications in related disciplines. 

Scientists skilled in epidemiology, toxicology, and related disciplines collect and evaluate all of the scientific literature containing information regarding the types of toxic effect the chemical under review has been shown to produce. Toxic effects include one or more of the many manifestations of toxicity described earlier in this book. The list of adverse health effects produced by the chemical are said to constitute its toxic hazards, and the critical review and evaluation leading to the list is the hazard identification step. A discussion of the extent to which causal associations with human disease or toxic harm have been established is an important aspect of this step. 

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