Regulatory Administrations

Occupational and consumer protection are seen as technical exercises in France. The National Institute of Research and Security (INRS) and the Institute for the Industrial Environment and Safety (INERIS) may be aptly described as state apparatus to control costs to the state of poor regulation. INERIS plays little part in the development of risk-reduction strategies (RRS) because consumer protection and environmental protection follow directly from the risk assessment process. INERIS feeds relevant information directly to the MEDD. Because MESA acts only as a statistical and economic branch of occupational protection, responsibility for the development of occupational RRS is left to the INRS. 

During implementation, roles are clearly divided through a hierarchical structure in France. Regional Environment Departments (DIREN) and Regional Departments for Industry, Research and the Environment (DRIRE) execute decisions of the ministries which are chiefly communicated via the MEDD. At this stage, the INERIS and INRS provide the technical support to the Regional Departments 

18 The Ministry of the Interior otherwise focusses its chemical-relevant activities on market surveillance and the recall of dangerous products, which generally falls outside the scope of Directive 76/769. 

19 Within MESA, responsibility is located in the Directorate-General for Consumer Health (DGS). 

Based on the interviews, there appears to be little scope or need for examining relationships between the regulatory administrations in France. The remit of each administration is clearly defined and no individual administration is responsible for developing policy. There are therefore no overlapping roles or responsibilities of the regulatory administrations. There appear to be no subsequent confrontation or conflicts between administrators. 

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Rem—A unit of dose equivalent that is used in the regulatory, administrative, and engineering design aspects of radiation safety practice. The dose equivalent in rem is numerically equal to the absorbed dose in rad multiplied by the quality factor (1 rem is equal to 0.01 sievert). 

The general types of searches normally encountered are emergency, exigent, inventory, no-knock, private, protective, regulatory, administrative, special needs, shakedown (prison) strip, voluntary, warrantless, and zone. 

In each of the four countries, regulatory administrations and stakeholder associations were selected for interviews according to their active participation in decision-making processes at national and EU level3. These actors were investigated in terms of their roles, responsibilities, relationships, and resources using the definitions shown below (adapted from Cramer [554] and Mintzberg [555]) ... 

Improve the co-ordination of activities between regulatory administrations Increase transparency and accountability in decision-making ... 

Practicality The practicality and acceptability of implementing measures to achieve targets depends on the regulatory administrative structure and industrial landscape of a country. 

NP 306.7.02/2.041-2000. Technique of Nuclear and Radiation Safety to NPP I C Systems Important to Safety Expert Analysis/ M.A.Yastrebenetsky (ed.), S.V. Vinogradskaya, V.S.Kharchenko et al., Nuclear Regulatory Administration of Ukraine, Kiev, 2000. 

The reason for shutting down the WWR-M reactor of Kiev Institute for Nuclear Research was the requirement of the Ukrainian Nuclear Regulatory Administration to improve physical protection and fire protection systems. It was expected that the duration of the shutdown would not be too long. However, the shutdown period was extended because of lack of resources. 

Four years later the Ukrainian Nuclear Regulatory Administration gave permission to load the core since all requirements were met. After the loading process it was observed an excess reactivity 2.0 less than expected (by comparison to the last configuration before the shutdown). The regulatory authority requested an explanation for the discrepancy before authorizing the reactor restart. 

Regulation raises numerous questions concerning compliance costs in relation to benefits obtained, transaction costs associated with regulatory administration and enforcement, and unanticipated or unwanted responses on the part of the regulated industry. Regulations may have... 

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