References errors

One needs to be extremely careful about errors in data, as the largest error will always dominate. If there is a large error in a reference method, for example, small measurement errors will be superseded by the reference errors. For example, if one used a bench-top balance accurate to one hundredth of a gram to weigh out one gram of substance to standardize a reagent, the resultant standard will have an accuracy of only one part per hundredth, which is usually considered to be poor for analytical data. 

Circular.xls shows how to use an intentional circular reference with the Newton-Raphson method to find the roots of a pol)momial. A "Circular Reference" error message will be displayed upon opening the workbook. 

Proximity to hazardous industrial facilities and operations (D3 - discretionary). The criterion relates to proximity of hazardous industrial facilities for example those that fall under the Control of Major Accidents and Hazards Regulation (COMAH) (Reference Error Reference source not found.). Whilst assessment of this discretionary criterion is site specific, it is addressed in part by the generic APIOOO design. This criterion is discussed further in subsection 3.3.3. 

An assessment of the generic impact of cooling water discharge on the marine enviromnent is provided in UKP-GW-GL-034 (Reference Error Reference source not found.). This assessment assumes that the APIOOO will be cooled by a direct (once through) cooling water system this being the option that maximises cooling efficiency and requires less overall use of sea water. 

Rupture of vessels constructed without welding, using ASME Code Section VIII criteria (Reference Error Reference source not found.), are not considered credible, because of their conservative design, material characteristics, inspections, quality control during fabrication and erection and prudent operation. 

The numerical collective dose target for occupational radiation exposure is 1000 man-mSv/year from all anticipated operational occurrences. Section 12.4 of the EDCD (Reference 12.1) estimates the collective operational dose, including reactor operations and surveillance, routine inspection and maintenance, in-service inspection, special maintenance, waste processing, and refuelling at 219 man-mSv. This dose represents less than 25% of the collective dose target and is a significant improvement on the current UK nuclear power plant average (discussed in Reference Error Reference source not found.). 

Isothermal bulk moduli, (GPa), and pressure derivatives Kg determined from high-pressure X-ray diffraction, for the lanthanide (Ln) pnictides and chalcogenides of the B1 structure type. For each compound the table lists, from top to bottom the bulk modulus, in GPa, the pressure derivative, and references. Errors as indicated in the original publications. (x means compound unknown, - studied under pressure, but no compressibility data known, -l- compound exists, but no HPXRD study known and constr. ... 

For each point in the (Ro, Rm) plane, the corresponding structure is analyzed both approximately, with a decoupled analysis, and exactly, with a coupled analysis. Thus, the decoupling error is calculated for all points of the (R(o, Rm) plane, i.e., for the chosen wide range of dynamic characteristics of the irregular structures, as described in Eq. 4 for all levels of the structure. Three reference error levels are chosen, namely, 10 %, 20 %, and 30 %, and the points of the (R, Rm) plane at which these error levels appear are noted. Finally, the envelope of these points is plotted in a set of curves named decoupling curves, one for each error level, as... 

In PARR-1 a new application of real-time signal processing has been used. Statistical analysis of signals from reactor instrumentation channels is done in real-time for evaluation of instrumentation performance. The computer calculates mean value, standard deviation errors, and probability distribution function of the signals and compares these errors with reference errors of nuclear detection phenomena. In case of a malfunction in any part of instrumentation, the signal error exceeds the reference error and the computer generates an alarm. In this way a faulty instrument channel is identified. 

For channel performance evaluation, the computer calculates and displays mean values, statistical errors and error distributions of signals originating from nuclear instrumentation channels. In case the standard deviation error of a particular signal exceeds the reference error by a fixed margin, an alarm is generated indicating some malfunction in the channel performance. 

For the performance analysis, the computer sequentially acquires the signal from each instrumentation channel, and performs statistical analysis on this data. Signal errors and probability distribution functions are computed and compared with the reference errors. 

This method is also applicable to other organic compounds for which one should refer to the original publication. The average error is around 2%. 

The average error is around 30%. This formula applies to pure substances and mixtures. For pure hydrocarbons, it is preferable to refer to solubility charts published by the API if good accuracy is required. 

The measurement error for conventional motor fuels is around 0.3 points and 0.7 points for the RON and the MON respectively. The RON is the characteristic more often used and more widespread than the MON moreover, when the octane number is used without reference either procedure, it is taken to be the RON. 

Attention should be given in the fact, that penetration of eddy currents in residual austenite will be slightly deeper than in the martensite structure of steel, as austenite shows low electrical conductivity. The signal originatimg from the austenite structure will be amplified in effect of the influence of the structure found at greater depth. There will be no error as the method of measurement is compartable and the samples made for reference purposes will have the same structure as the studied part. 

The force function /(r) differs from that in ref. [65] by a factor r, yielding simpler expressions. Some errors in that reference have been corrected. 

Table 2. Percentage error for LN compared to reference Langevin trajectories (at 0.5 fs) for energy means and associated variances for BPTI over 60 ps at 7 = 20 ps At = 0.5 fs, Atm = 3 fe, and At — k2Atm, where hz ranges from 1 for LN 1 to 96 for LN 96.

Referring to Thm. 1 we can conclude that—excluding caustics—QCMD (and QCMD bundles) approximates full QD up to an error of order 0(6- -e). These... 

How can we apply molecular dynamics simulations practically. This section gives a brief outline of a typical MD scenario. Imagine that you are interested in the response of a protein to changes in the amino add sequence, i.e., to point mutations. In this case, it is appropriate to divide the analysis into a static and a dynamic part. What we need first is a reference system, because it is advisable to base the interpretation of the calculated data on changes compared with other simulations. By taking this relative point of view, one hopes that possible errors introduced due to the assumptions and simplifications within the potential energy function may cancel out. All kinds of simulations, analyses, etc., should always be carried out for the reference and the model systems, applying the same simulation protocols. 

A matrix with a large condition number is commonly referred to as ill-conditioned and particularly vulnerable to round-off errors. Special techniques. 

The production of both an alcohol and the sodium salt of an acid might easily be confused with the hydrolysis products of an ester (in the above instance benzyl benzoate). Such an error would soon be discovered (e.g., by reference to the b.p. and other physical properties), but it would lead to an unnecessary expenditure of time and energy. The above example, however, emphasises the importance of conducting the class reactions of neutral oxygen-containing compounds in the proper order, viz., (1) aldehydes and ketones, (2) esters and anhydrides, (3) alcohols, and (4) ethers. 

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