Solubility Chart

The average error is around 30%. This formula applies to pure substances and mixtures. For pure hydrocarbons, it is preferable to refer to solubility charts published by the API if good accuracy is required. 

Figure 4-109. Solubility chart for calcium and sodium chloride brines [26], (Courtesy Baroid Drilling Fluids, Inc.)...

Following Henry s gas law relationship, as the pressure of the gas increases, the solubility increases in direct ratio. Doubling the pressure of C02 doubles the solubility. Charts such as the ABCB Gas Volume Test Charts indicate the gas volumes of C02 dissolved in water at different pressures and temperatures. The charts are based on the solubility of C02 in water and the absence of other gases. Using these charts for sparkling wine and not correcting for the presence of other gases can lead to substantial error. 

Why is the solubility chart useful for analyzing double displacement reactions ... 

The solubility chart divides the field of the solution into two regions the subsaturated region where the solution will dissolve more of the solute at fhe existing conditions, and file supersaturated region. 

Figure 41-6. Solubility chart for several thennoplastic polymers. Soluble to the right, insoluble to the left. (Courtesy - H. Clotierand J. E. Prud homme, J. Chem. Ed, 62 (9), 815, 1985)...

Solubility chart for compounds containing various functional groups. The most common functional groups in each class are printed in bold-face type. 

This set of 5 imknowns will help you make proper observations. They will not be used further in your organic laboratory course. Note that almost all organic compounds, except inert ones, will be soluble in sulfuric acid. This reagent should always be the last one tried, as shown in the Solubility chart. Using solubility tests, distinguish these unknowns by type. Verify your answer with the instructor. Read the discussion sections that follow for details on solubility behavior. A more general discussion of solubility behavior is provided in Technique 10, Section 10.2... 

Most compounds are soluble in cold, concentrated sulfuric acid, except for inert compounds (alkanes, alkyl halides and aromatic compounds without a functional group). Of the compounds included in this experiment, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and esters belong to this category of being soluble in sulfuric acid. These compounds are described as being "neutral." However, it must be mentioned that all of the classes of compounds shown in the Solubility chart, except for the inert compounds, will react with cold, concentrated sulfuric acid—not just the "neutral" compounds, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and esters. You must be certain that you have first screened your unknown for solubility in water, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, and hydrochloric acid, before trying concentrated sulfuric acid. Inert compounds, which are not included as unknowns, are not soluble in sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid should always be your last choice of solubility reagents to try. 

Table B-1 SI Measurement Table B-2 Unit Symbols Table B-3 Symbols Table B-4 Physical Constants Table B-5 Enthalpy of Combustion Table B-6 The Elements Symbols, Atomic Numbers, and Atomic Masses Table B-7 Common Ions Table B-8 Water-Vapor Pressure Table B-9 Densities of Gases at STP Table B-10 Density of Water Table B-11 Solubilities of Gases in Water Table B-12 Solubility Chart Table B-13 Solubility of Compounds Table B-14 Enthalpy of Formation Table B-15 Properties of Common Elements...

The outer perimeter of solubihty on the solubility chart of a polymer can be indicated by drawing a line outside all those solvents that dissolve the polymer. As the dispersion forces are much the weakest, this plot squeezes the less polar solvents into the bottom right comer and distorts the solubihty curve out of the circular shape, which is intuitively more likely. Because the solubihty parameters are additive, it is possible to mix two non-solvents of a polymer, at opposite sides of the soluble area, to create a combined solvent that will dissolve the polymer. This is reflected in Figure 2.19, where the solubihty parameters of mixtures do not fall on a straight line. 

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