Errors in references

RticKOLD S, Grobecker KH, Isengard H-D (2000) Water as a source of errors in reference materials. Fresenius J Anal Chem (in preparation). 

The accuracy of the references is the author s responsibility. Errors in references are one of the most common errors found in scientific publications and are a source of frustration to readers. Increasingly, hypertext links are automatically generated in Web-based publications, but this cannot be done for references containing errors. If citations are copied from another source, check the original reference for accuracy and appropriate content. 

References are an important component of every scholarly manuscript. Having complete and accurate references is the author s responsibility. Errors in references are one of the most common mistakes authors make. Although correct citations have always been important, the increasing number of hypertext links in Web-based publications makes correct citations more important than ever. Given the volume of manuscripts that publishers produce yearly, technical editors cannot verify each reference in each manuscript. 

Note that there is an error in reference 6 in that the h2o is missing.) Ligase reactions necessarily involve coupling because they are defined (7) as "joining together of two molecules coupled with the hydrolysis of a pyrophosphate bond in atp of a similar triphosphate." This enzyme couples three hydrolase reactions ... 

Fig. 3. The aj, and e g carbon-carbon internal symmetry displacements of benzene. A counterclockwise rotation of the molecule by 60° about the z-axis replaces by —(1I2)S — (V3j2)S, and Si.j by [V3j2)S g — (l/2)S i , (k = 6, 8). (Please note the error in reference 12c the counterclockwise rotation of the molecule there used was 60° not 120° as stated. Also, in Fig. 1 of I2c the signs in both 0, and 0,.0 should be reversed.) The relationship connecting the Cartesian symmetry coordinates of Fig. 2 to the internal symmetry coordinates above is readily established by means of the vector addition of the appropriate displacement diagrams. This procedure yields 3i = Sj, 2( )= (1/8)V2/3 X (3S,(j)-b V3S,( )), and = (1I8)V2I3 x (S,(J) - - 3 /3Ss( ).

Note typographical error in reference 57. Average TOFipa 303 K and 1 atm... 

The force function /(r) differs from that in ref. [65] by a factor r, yielding simpler expressions. Some errors in that reference have been corrected. 

In test planning, the number to be placed on test n and the number of failures rmust be deterrnined. The operating characteristic curves in Reference 18 can be used to specify the test, and to control the errors. 

Correlations based on reference substances are limited to compounds which have experimentally determined values, but the number of data points needed to produce a correlation is relatively small. A reference substance should be as chemically and physically compatible to the chemical with which it is being compared as possible. Use of reference substances in the ideal assumes no property deviations, thus the smaller the deviations, the lower the absolute error in the correlations. 

For exposure of reasons of observable discrepancy of results of the analysis simulated experiment with application synthetic reference samples of aerosols [1]. The models have demonstrated absence of significant systematic errors in results XRF. While results AAA and FMA depend on sort of chemical combination of an elements, method of an ashing of a material and mass of silicic acid remaining after an ashing of samples. The investigations performed have shown that silicic acid adsorbs up to 40 % (rel.) ions of metals. The coefficient of a variation V, describing effect of the indicated factors on results of the analysis, varies %) for Mn and Fe from 5 up to 20, for Cu - from 10 up to 40, for Pb - from 10 up to 70, for Co the ambassador of a dry ashing of samples - exceeds 50. At definition Cr by a method AAA the value V reaches 70 %, if element presences an atmosphere in the form of Cr O. At photometric definition Cr (VI) the value V is equal 40%, when the element is present at aerosols in the form of chromates of heavy metals. 

Reference electrodes are used in the measurement of potential [see the explanation to Eq. (2-1)]. A reference electrode is usually a metal/metal ion electrode. The electrolyte surrounding it is in electrolytically conducting contact via a diaphragm with the medium in which the object to be measured is situated. In most cases concentrated or saturated salt solutions are present in reference electrodes so that ions diffuse through the diaphragm into the medium. As a consequence, a diffusion potential arises at the diaphragm that is not taken into account in Eq. (2-1) and represents an error in the potential measurement. It is important that diffusion potentials be as small as possible or the same in the comparison of potential values. Table 3-1 provides information on reference electrodes. 

In the same way that potential differences can occur due to different mobility, they can also occur due to different adsorption of ions. There are therefore a large number of possibilities for potential errors in the field of reference electrodes [2], which, however, are generally less than 30 mV. Such potential errors can be neglected in the application of protection potential criteria, but they can lead to increased error in the evaluation of voltage cones (see Section 3.3.1). Equation (3-4) can be used for their evaluation in this case. It explains, for example, the increased... 

Since the object to be protected represents a cell consisting of active and passive steel, considerable IR errors in the cell current must be expected in measuring the off potential. The considerations in Section 3.3.1 with reference to Eqs. (3-27) and (3-28) are relevant here. Since upon switching off the protection current, 7, the nearby cathodes lead to anodic polarization of a region at risk from corrosion, the cell currents and 7, have opposite signs. It follows from Eqs. (3-27) and (3-28) that the 77 -free potential must be more negative than the off potential. Therefore, there is greater certainty of the potential criterion in Eq. (2-39). 

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