References cited in chapters

For information on statutes and guidelines relevant to sexual function and fertility testing, the reader is referred to the references cited in chapter 2. 

Due to the variety in porous structure, particle size and surface area, pure silica gels and powders find a very wide range of applications. Variation in preparation methods and parameters allows the tailoring of the substrate properties for specific application needs. The main features in the silica applications are its porosity, active surface, hardness, particle size and the viscous and thixotropic properties. Although most applications are based on a combination of those, a classification according to the main properties of interest may be set up. For references, the reader is referred to the works of Iler6 and Unger7 and to the references cited in chapter 8. 

In reading this chapter, keep in mind that the bulk of the material was written as of a specific date, namely, late 1998. Subsequent global financial problems affect the chapter content. This is another reason for the reader to attempt to keep abreast of current developments in the dynamic world trade using the references cited in Chapter 0. 

References cited in the corresponding chapters of this book direct the interested reader to these books that provide much more detail in greater depth than is possible here. We can present only the major foundations, methods, and uses of these subjects as we have deemed necessary. 

The references cited in the chapter are provided so the student can access them for further information. 

The structures of S02 and S03 were referred to in Chapter 7. These molecules are often cited as examples of resonance sulfur trioxide, for example, has three equivalent resonance structures ... 

The formation and role of hydroperoxide groups, particularly in the early stages of polymer oxidation is well discussed in the introduction to the next chapter and also features in many of the references cited in this chapter. Their detection and quantification is therefore important. Although this can be done directly or implicitly through many of the instrumentation techniques discussed in this chapter, there are several tests that have been developed, some of which are still widely used, that are based more on chemical methods, titration or staining. The majority have been applied to polyolefins, especially polyethylene. 

Each volume contains all the references cited in that volume, no separate lists are given for individual chapters. 

The propargylic alcohol group may be exploited as an allylic alcohol precursor (Eq. 6A.2) and may be generated by nucleophilic addition to an electrophile [25] or by addition of a formaldehyde equivalent to a preexisting terminal acetylene group [26], Once in place, reduction of the propargylic alcohol with lithium aluminum hydride or, preferably, with sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminum hydride (Red-Al) [27] will produce the trans allylic alcohol. Alternately, catalytic reduction over Lindlar catalyst can be used to obtain the cis allylic alcohol [28]. The addition of other lithium acetylides to ketones produces chiral secondary alcohols, which also can be reduced by the preceding methods to the cis or trans allylic alcohols. Additional synthetic approaches to allylic alcohols may be found in the various references cited in this chapter. 

In the following material, sections taken from the original papers are presented in smaller type. Annotations are in the usual type size. For convenience, figures and tables are renumbered in sequence with those of this chapter. For access to references cited in excerpts, see the complete papers. Stereo illustrations of maps and models (not part of the papers) are derived from files kindly provided by Zhaohui Xu. I am indebted to Xu and to Leonard J. Banaszak for allowing me to use their work as an example and for supplying me with an almost complete reconstruction of this structure determination project. 

New approaches to the synthesis of 1,2,4-oxathiazole derivatives have been found and the previously unknown derivatives of this heterocycle (1,2,4-oxathiazolines, their A-monooxides and 1,2,4-oxathiazolium structures) have been synthesized. In addition to the chapters in CHEC(1984) and CHEC-II(1996)<1984CFIEC(6)897, 1996CHEC-II(4)453>, only one review covering the whole aspect of l,2-oxa/thia-4-azoles chemistry has been published <2004HOIJ29>, but the majority of references cited in this chapter relate to work dating back to 1995. 

In this chapter, Roman numerals refer to those references which are comprehensive and general reviews. Arabic numbers quoted immediately after a Roman numeral refer to references cited in the particular review article to which reference is made. Arabic numbers only refer to papers describing experimental work and reviews on specific topics and these references are also included in the list at the end of this chapter. 

Fig. 5 Statistical evaluation of LC-MS-based methods for tropane alkaloids referred in this chapter. (a) Relative frequency of ionization methods. +APCI positive atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, +ESI positive electrospray ionization, FAB fast atom bombardment, +TSP positive thermospray, (b) Relative frequency of scan modes used. MS full scan MS, MS/MS tandem mass spectrometry (product ion scan), MRM multiple reaction monitoring, SIM selected ion monitoring, (c) Relative frequency of mass analysers used. EBQtQ2 double focusing sector field mass spectrometer, IT ion trap, QqQ triple quadrupole, SQ single quadrupole. Considered publications were found by PubMed data-based search and references cited in these articles...

The release of IL-12 initiated by macrophages may be crucial for the activation of Thl cells. Transforming growth factor-p (TGF-P) can produce an effect consisting of differentiation of ThO lymphocytes and increased production of IgA (Kalliomaki and Isolauri 2003, Orihara et al. 2008). These issues are discussed in more detail in the cited references and in Chapter 1. 

These simplified schematics provide an overall view of the types of operations, equipment and configurations typically employed in adsorption operations. Additional discussions on these systems can be found among the references cited in Section (B) of the suggested readings at the end of this chapter. 

As mentioned earlier, 2H-1 -benzopyrans are often referred to, especially in the older literature, by the common name chromenes. The more proper term 2H-1-benzopyran is used in this chapter even though many of the references cited in this (and earlier) sections have used the chromene terminology. The structure and numbering system for 2H- -benzopyrans is shown in Figure 3.17. 

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