Reduced latitude

We have derived Equation (2.164), which shows how the field varies with the reduced latitude p on the surface of the spheroid. The reduced latitude is the angle between the radius vector and the equatorial plane. Fig. 2.7c. Also, it is useful to study the function y — y q>), where tp is the geographical latitude. This angle is formed by the normal to the ellipsoid at the given point p and the equatorial plane. Fig. 2.7b. First, we find expressions for coordinates v, y of the meridian ellipse. Its equation is... 

Similar heterogeneous reactions also can occur, but somewhat less efticientiy, in the lower stratosphere on global sulfate clouds (ie, aerosols of sulfuric acid), which are formed by oxidation of SO2 and COS from volcanic and biological activity, respectively (80). The effect is most pronounced in the colder regions of the stratosphere at high latitudes. Indeed, the sulfate aerosols resulting from emptions of El Chicon in 1982 and Mt. Pinatubo in 1991 have been impHcated in subsequent reduced ozone concentrations (85). 

Commercially, a small amount of the 4,4 -MDA is isolated by distillation from PMDA. Depending on the process employed, the removal of MDA can be partial (as is done with the isocyanates) or total. Partial removal of MDA gives some processiag latitude but yields of 4,4 -MDA are reduced. Distillation residues from PMDA manufacture that contain less than 1% MDA pose a disposal problem. Processes for the regeneration of MDA by heating these residues ia the presence of aniline and an acid catalyst have been patented (33—35). Waste disposal of PMDA is expensive and reclamation processes could become commercially viable. The versatility of the isocyanate process, however, can be used to avoid the formation of low MDA content distillation residues. 

Fuel vapor pressure, or Reid vapor pressure (RVP) is predominantiy influenced by the amount of C-4 in the fuel. California, other of the United States, and the EPA have or are restricting fuel RVP for both seasonal and areas (latitude). These restrictions greatiy reduce all gasoline evaporative losses. 

Calculation of condensate piping by two-phase flow techniques is recommended however, the tedious work per line can often be reduced by using empirical methods and charts. Some of the best are proprietary and not available for publication however, the Sarco method [42] has been used and found to be acceptable, provided no line less than VA" is used regardless of the chart reading. Under some circumstances, w hich are too random to properly describe, the Sarco method may give results too small by possibly a half pipe size. Therefore, latitude is recommended in selecting either the flow rates or the pipe size. 

To meet the products functional needs the wall thickness of the part can be varied. However, to obtain optimum processing cycles and reduce the chance of sink- and flow-mark formation, wall thickness should be kept as uniform as possible. Where variation in wall thickness is unavoidable, gradual transitions in the wall thickness should be provided to ease the polymer melt flow transitions. Part design, mold design, and gate location should work together to allow the material from heavier section into thinner walls for best appearance and process latitude. 

Fig. 2.7. (a) Spheroidal system of coordinates, (b, c) reduced and geographical latitudes, systems is... 

Growth frequency. In high latitude regions of the globe, periodic advance of glaciers dramatically affected karst regions dripwater flow routes to the cave became permanently frozen, rate of production of soil CO2 was reduced and, in some cases, soil would have been stripped from the surface by ice masses. Harmon et al. (1977) recognized four distinct periods of deposition in the Rocky Mountains of North America... 

Particle phase reactions of pesticides in the atmosphere is are an area of great uncertainty [Atkinson et al (1999)], and no direct conclusions about possible impacts can be drawn from just the fact that they are not resolved in the model. High particle bound mass fractions are predicted in high latitudes (>80 %) in winter. Thus, degradation in air, as it is assumed to be limited to the gaseous phase, is reduced. An additional degradation process in the particle phase is assumed to reduce concentrations in the Arctic, consequently. On the other hand lifetimes of particle-bound DDT is limited by deposition, much more than in the gas-phase. 

Reducing the number of fluorines on the fluorous tag also provides a general solution to the reaction solvent problem as the number of fluorines is reduced, the solubility in organic solvents tends to go up. Of course, the solubility in fluorous solvents tends to go down at the same time, and the residual tag must strike a balance between too many fluorines (low solubility in organic solvents) and too few fluorines (cannot easily be separated from organic compounds). However, thanks to the technique of fluorous solid-liquid extraction, there is surprisingly broad latitude here. 

The southern flank of the upwelling CDW sinks around the continent of Antarctica to become AABW The northern flank of upwelling CDW is transported by surface currents, first into the polar frontal zone (PFZ) where AAIW forms, and then into the subantarctic zone (SAZ ) where SAMW forms. At these latitudes, dust deposition is high enough to reduce iron limitation of the diatoms. As the surfece waters move northward. 

In theory, since the absolute water vapor content of air reduces as the temperature sinks or the altitude rises, the volume of precipitation should decline. Yet the opposite is the case, particularly in mountainous regions in the temperate latitudes here the annual volumes of precipitation generally tend to rise with the altitude. This is the result, on the one hand, of higher wind speeds at higher altitudes, which cause a relatively large shift in humid air masses. On the other hand, precipitation occurs more frequently and often at a much greater intensity. 

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