Secondary oil recovery

Enhanced Oil Recovery The third phase of crude-oil production, in which chemical, miscible fluid, or thermal methods are applied to restore production from a depleted reservoir. Also known as tertiary oil recovery. See also Primary Oil Recovery, Secondary Oil Recovery. 

Miscellaneous, New, and Developmental Antimicrobial Agents. Table 11 shows some of the antimicrobials that do not neady fit into the principal families. Acrolein (qv) is a unique chemical used for secondary oil recovery (43). Biobor has become the antimicrobial addition of choice for aviation fuels (44). Cbloropbtbalonil (tetrachloroisophthalnitrile [1897-45-6]) is a significant agricultural fungicide, in addition to being one of the most important latex paint film preservatives (producer, ISK). 

Petroleum. Apart from its use ia petrochemicals manufacture, there are a number of small, scattered uses of lime ia petroleum (qv) production. These are ia making red lime (drilling) muds, calcium-based lubricating grease, neutralization of organic sulfur compounds and waste acid effluents, water treatment ia water flooding (secondary oil recovery), and use of lime and pozzolans for cementing very deep oil wells. 

Benzoic acid is also used as a down-hole drilling mud additive where it functions as a temporary plugging agent in subterranean formations. Since this is a secondary oil recovery appHcation, this use is heavily dependent on the price of cmde oil. 

Much more carbon dioxide is generated daily than is recovered (44). The decision whether or not to recover by-product carbon dioxide often depends on the distance and cost of transportation between the carbon dioxide producer and consumer. For example, it has become profitable to recover more and more carbon dioxide from C02-rich natural gas weUs in Texas as the use of carbon dioxide in secondary oil recovery has increased. The production levels for enhanced oil recovery are generally not reported because of the captive nature of the appHcation. 

A number of disinfectants apparentiy owe their activity to formaldehyde, although there is argument on whether some of them function by other mechanisms. In this category, the dmg with the longest history is hexamethylenetetramine (hexamine, urotropin) [100-97-0] which is a condensation product of formaldehyde and ammonia that breaks down by acid hydrolysis to produce formaldehyde. Hexamine was first used for urinary tract antisepsis. Other antimicrobials that are adducts of formaldehyde and amines have been made others are based on methylolate derivations of nitroalkanes. The apphcations of these compounds are widespread, including inactivation of bacterial endotoxin preservation of cosmetics, metal working fluids, and latex paint and use in spin finishes, textile impregnation, and secondary oil recovery (117). 

Wastewater disposal costs depend on the area and, of course, the quality of the wastewater. In one plant, the wastewater was sold to an oil company for secondary oil recovery. However, the cost of treating and filtering the wastewater far exceeded the revenues from the oil company. 

These novel organic polymers were not developed solely for the CW or BW treatment market but are for much wider application. These same value-adding process additives are regularly incorporated into products for industrial and domestic cleaning, concrete, pulp and paper, metal finishing, paints and surface coatings, wastewater, seawater distillation, drilling muds, secondary oil-recovery, plastics extrusion, fibers, rubbers, and a host of other areas. 

Oil recovery from underground reservoirs can be improved by injection of water and pressing of oil to the surface. This secondary oil recovery process is relatively cheap though not always successful. Further, however more expensive, methods are the so-called tertiary oil recovery processes whereby the viscosity of the oil is lowered by mixing with low viscous oils or gas, or by temperature increase due to injection of steam, and where the viscosity of the pressing water layer is increased or the surface tension between water and oil is decreased via addition of surfactants. 

Chalk reservoirs encounter some specific problems during secondary recovery of oil by waterflooding. Displacement experiments in several formations... 

Injection rate can have a major effect on the economics of secondary oil recovery. Acidizing or carefully designed hydraulic fracturing treatments can be used in increase injection rates. 

Dickey, P.A. Andersen, K.H. "The Behavior of Water-Input Wells " Amer. Pet. Institute, Secondary Recovery of Oil in the United States, 2nd Ed. 1950, 332-40. 

Use of biotechnology in the oil industry is almost unknown. As a whole, only a few initiatives related to use of biofiltration for gas treatment has reached refining operations. In the exploration and production segment of the oil industry, MEOR has been known and employed to a certain extent in secondary or tertiary recovery of oil. 

D-Glucose methacrylate (XXVI) is the last monomer. Its polymers have many potential applications in medicine, secondary oil recovery, etc (27,28). 

In the conventional emulsion polymerization, a hydrophobic monomer is emulsified in water and polymerization initiated with a water-soluble initiator. Emulson polymerization can also be carried out as an inverse emulsion polymerization [Poehlein, 1986]. Here, an aqueous solution of a hydrophilic monomer is emulsified in a nonpolar organic solvent such as xylene or paraffin and polymerization initiated with an oil-soluble initiator. The two types of emulsion polymerizations are referred to as oil-in-water (o/w) and water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions, respectively. Inverse emulsion polymerization is used in various commerical polymerizations and copolymerizations of acrylamide as well as other water-soluble monomers. The end use of the reverse latices often involves their addition to water at the point of application. The polymer dissolves readily in water, and the aqueous solution is used in applications such as secondary oil recovery and flocculation (clarification of wastewater, metal recovery). 

The above constitute the main uses of LE, amounting to millions of pounds yearly. However, none of these uses is for the LE by itself, ie, solely as a liq. Neat NG has been used in shooting oil wells during the secondary recovery of oil. When oil production from a primary well began to lag, four secondary holes were drilled around the primary well so that all the holes, primary and secondary, were in the form of a five spot . The secondary holes were then loaded with neat NG and shot. 

A feasible procedure for the recovery of oil from the residual solids in the first stage of coal hydrogenation consists in treating the heavy oil slurry from the hot catchpot with superheated steam (25). At short contact times of a spray of heavy oil slurry with superheated steam, a high recovery of oil, with little or no coking or secondary asphaltene production, was achieved. 

Fifty years have elapsed since the first major surge occurred in the development of the Athabasca oil sands. The main effort has been devoted to the development of the hot water extraction process 13 significant projects utilizing this process are reviewed in this paper. However, many other techniques have also been extensively tested. These are classified into several basic concepts, and the mechanism underlying each is briefly described. A critical review of K. A. Claries theories concerning the flotation of bitumen is presented, and his theories are updated to accommodate the different mechanisms of the primary and secondary oil recovery processes. The relative merits of the mining and in situ approaches are discussed, and an estimate is made of the probable extent of the oil sand development toward the end of this century. 

Other Uses. An important market for quaternaries is sanitation. Quaternaries find use as disinfectants and sanitizers in hospitals, building maintenance, and food processing in secondary oil recovery for drilling fluids and in cooling water applications. See also Petroleum. Additional applications of quaternaries include the manufacture of organo-modilied clays and use as phase-transfer catalysts. 

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