Recording behavior observations,

The quote is from the third volume of Henri Poincare s New Methods of Celestial Mechanics, and is a description of his discovery of homoclinic orbits (see below) in the restricted three-body problem. It is also one of the earliest recorded formal observations that very complicated behavior may be found even in seemingly simple classical Hamiltonian systems. Although Hamiltonian (or conservative) chaos often involves fractal-like phase-space structures, the fractal character is of an altogether different kind from that arising in dissipative systems. An important common thread in the analysis of motion in either kind of dynamical system, however, is that of the stability of orbits. 

In contrast, the orexin/ataxin-3 rat exhibited more diversity in episodes of behavioral arrest than had been observed in the mice (Beuckmann et al., 2004). Video recording and observation of these rats revealed that during ongoing motivated behaviors, such as ambulation and drinking, an abrupt change occurred... 

Neurological effects occurred in animals exposed to endrin. Behavioral effects (Gray et al. 1981), hyperexcitability, tremors, and convulsions (Deichmann et al. 1970 NCI 1978 Treon et al. 1955) were reported. Irregular EEG recordings were observed in rats (Speck and Maaske 1958). There is some evidence to show that occurrence of convulsions is related to blood-brain barrier permeability changes (Speck and Maaske 1958). 

Discussion In view of indications that the purity of previously used BZ was found to be only about 90%, an additional four subjects were given 4 mcg/kg by the oral route. The purpose was to compare the effects of a new batch at the dose previously found to produce mild effects. The quality of data was variable. Only in two of the four cases were the quantity and depth of recorded behavioral information data adequate, and observations were not detailed or highly informative. 

As in the human studies, CCK-4 and other peptides must be given to primates intravenously to compensate for the short half-life, but the behavioral stress of short-term administration would confound behavioral observations. The implantation of an indwelling venous catheter that is protected by a jacket and swivel assembly allows administration of peptide or placebo without handling or alerting the animals. Behavioral observations may be made both immediately and from videotape records habituation and daily observations minimize nonspecific behavioral effects. In our own studies, monkeys typically receive placebo, CCK-4, or an analogue intravenously every second or third day but are often videotaped every day. 

Other objective measures that have been used for very young children include direct behavioral observation (41,42), video recordings (43), and mattress or crib recordings (44,45). The strengths and weaknesses vary for all of the techniques mentioned above (46). 

A Qualitative Tests. Hold an unmarked TD strip at each end. Quickly pull the strip apart and observe the behavior Take another strip, and this time start to pull the strip slowly, then release. What do you observe Repeat the pulling and releasing, but each time pull a little harder. Finally, slowly pull the strip, keeping force on it without releasing it. Watch various parts of the strip as you stretch it. It might be instructive to hold each strip up to the light and look through it as you stretch them. Repeat these operations with strips cut in the machine direction. Record your observations and note whether the MD and TD strips exhibited the same behavior. 

Observe the behavior of a male mouse toward an untreated female for 5 min. Record behaviors such as approach, nasonasal sniffing, nasogenital sniffing, mounting, and chasing. Enter in a data sheet. 

By adding hydrogen peroxide to a moderately acidic solution of potassium iodate and perchloric acid changes in behavior observed at 50 °C with an iodide ion specific electrode, were reported by Odutola et al. (1982). As the concentrations of H+ and H202 were increased, following the addition of hydrogen peroxide, oscillations in the potential with varying periods were, recorded. 

Both the atomic and the operational concepts of adhesion enunciated above run into some obvious conflicts with experience. There are numerous instances on record where bodies have been put in contact under light normal load and on relaxation of the load no adhesive force could be measured when the bodies were separated. Yet on inspection of the surface after separation, unmistakable evidence of adhesion was found. In such cases the major deformation is elastic, and on release of the loading force relaxation of the elastic stress is the net behavior observed. 

Dalton had inferred from the way that elements combined with each other that these fundamental building blocks of matter were made of atoms and that the atoms of any element were identical to each other but different in mass from the atoms of other elements. He also meticulously recorded his observations of weather patterns, the northern lights, and the behavior of gases. As well, he discovered that he d made these observations with eyes that were different from others he was color-blind Dalton already suspected that he had vision problems, because his fellow Quakers would occasionally object to the loud colors he wore to his eye, the shade of his attire seemed quite sedate. 

The recording of posture and motion is another basic issue in the methodology of behavior observation and performance measurement. Calibrated piezoresistive sensors allow the separation of a DC-component, indicating d ree of inclination, that is, borty position, and an AC-component, representing acceleration, that is movement. Multicharmel accelerometry can be used for... 

Based on years of experience making direct behavioral observations and scoring the accompanying respiration recordings, Thoman (11) developed the automated MMS. The basic principle underlying these sleep recordings, to repeat, is that each sleep or wake state involves a unique pattern of motiUty produced by respiration and body movements. 

In previous studies, we demonstrated measurement reliability and validity for each of the sleep measures obtained from MMS recordings. Reliability of measurement has been demonstrated for preterm infants and for fiiU-term infants over the first 6 mo (11,17,19-23). Validity has been demonstrated by comparisons across species and procedures, including behavioral observations and electroencephalograph (EEG) recordings (20,24—27). Predictive validity of the sleep measures has been found for newborn infants (18) and for infants during the early postnatal weeks (17,24). 

Experimental Design, Behavioral Observation, Recording, and Analysis... 

D. Behavioral observations and data recording. The sixty-minute observation period began when the focal (unrestrained, solitary, free-roaming) bull entered the enclosure. The observer was positioned where a zoo visitor might stand. The bull elephants were observant of the keeper s activities but appeared to be uninterested in other observers. 

There are two main types of in vivo seizure models, precipitant models and electroencephalogram (EEG) recording. These are generally used where there is known target-related risk or to follow-up on behavioral observations seen in other in vivo studies. 

However, like Lloyd (2010, p. 126) says, the evidence produced by the case study is entirely qualitative, limited and very subjective. Nevertheless, the data is rich and allows deep insight into the learning and behavior of two special-needs students. These details are rarely mentioned in research papers and leave the implementation of inquiry-based learning nontransparent. Further research should extend the time of video recordings and observe more students in special and inclusive settings. Furthermore, older students learning more complex concepts of chemistry should be researched. 

Recording the number of behavioral observations performed over a period of time. Organizations may choose to establish goals for the number of behavioral observations to conduct per week or per month. Too much emphasis should not be placed on the number of observations conducted, as the quality may suffer in order to produce a large quantity of observations. 

Once the observations have been recorded, the data will be added to arrive at a total number of behaviors for each category. In this example, there were a total of six safe behaviors and two at-risk behaviors observed. Of the eight total behaviors that occurred, it was found that six were considered to be safe, so this task measured as 75% safe. Rather than focusing on failures, such as are measured by injury rates, this metric provides a proactive positive measurement of safety performance. Observations can be accumulated in a database or spreadsheet and measured over time with the goal of increasing the level of safe performance of jobs that occur. 

Any natural phenomenon or its similitude occurs extensively over a region, and therefore, its recordings or observations at different locations pose some questions as, for instance, are there relationships between phenomena in various locations In such a question, the time is considered as frozen (steady state) and the phenomenon concerned is investigated over the space and its behavioral occurrence between the locations. Answer to this question may be provided descriptively in linguistic, subjective and vague terms, which may be understood even by non-specialists to a great extent. However, their quantification necessitates objective methodologies, which are one of the purposes of the context in this book. 

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