Receptors and Signal Transduction

Watowich, S.S., Wu, H., Socolovsky, M., Klingmuller, U., Constantinescu, S.N., andLodish, H.F. 1996. Cytokine receptor signal transduction and the control of haematopoietic cell development. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 12, 91-128. 

Ubiquitin System-Dependent Regulation of Growth Hormone Receptor Signal Transduction and Effects of Oxidative Stress... 

Hein L, KobiUca BK. Adrenergic receptor signal transduction and regulation. Neuropharmacology 1995 34 357-66. 

Sozzani S, Locati M, Zhou M, et al. Receptors, signal transduction, and spectrum of action of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and related chemokines. J Leukoc Biol 1995 57 788-94. 

Insect Olfaction Receptors, Signal Transduction, and Behavior... 

S. J. Hunter and W. T. Garvey Insulin action and insulin resistance dis-ea.ses involving defects in insulin receptors signal transduction, and the gl ucose transport effector. system. American Journal of Medicine 105,331 (1998). 

Loss of the cell s responsiveness to the hormone insulin caused by pathological alterations in the insulin receptor signal transduction pathway, and often leading... 

S., Beglinger, C., and Eberle, A.N. A combinatorial peptoid library for the identification of novel MSH and GRP/ Bombesin receptor ligands. J. Receptor Signal Transduct. Res. 1999, 19, 449-466. 

While the fluid mosaic model of membrane stmcture has stood up well to detailed scrutiny, additional features of membrane structure and function are constantly emerging. Two structures of particular current interest, located in surface membranes, are tipid rafts and caveolae. The former are dynamic areas of the exo-plasmic leaflet of the lipid bilayer enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids they are involved in signal transduction and possibly other processes. Caveolae may derive from lipid rafts. Many if not all of them contain the protein caveolin-1, which may be involved in their formation from rafts. Caveolae are observable by electron microscopy as flask-shaped indentations of the cell membrane. Proteins detected in caveolae include various components of the signal-transduction system (eg, the insutin receptor and some G proteins), the folate receptor, and endothetial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Caveolae and lipid rafts are active areas of research, and ideas concerning them and their possible roles in various diseases are rapidly evolving. 

Myers SJ, Wong LM, Charo IF (1995) Signal transduction and ligand specificity of the human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 receptor in transfected embryonic kidney cells. J Biol Chem 270 5786-5792... 

Schiller PW, Weltrowska G, Schmidt R, Berezowska I, Nguyen TM-D, Lemieux C, Chung NN, Carpenter KA, Wilkes BC. Subtleties of structure-agonist versus antagonist relationships of opioid peptides and peptidomi-metics. J Receptor Signal Transduction Res 1999 19 573-588. 

Most biological reactions fall into the categories of first-order or second-order reactions, and we will discuss these in more detail below. In certain situations the rate of reaction is independent of reaction concentration hence the rate equation is simply v = k. Such reactions are said to be zero order. Systems for which the reaction rate can reach a maximum value under saturating reactant conditions become zero ordered at high reactant concentrations. Examples of such systems include enzyme-catalyzed reactions, receptor-ligand induced signal transduction, and cellular activated transport systems. Recall from Chapter 2, for example, that when [S] Ku for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the velocity is essentially constant and close to the value of Vmax. Under these substrate concentration conditions the enzyme reaction will appear to be zero order in the substrate. 

Figure 8.1 Cytokine receptors usually display a unique cytokine ( ligand )-binding domain, but they share additional receptor components that are normally responsible for signal transduction. This explains the molecular basis of pleiotropy. IL-6, IL-11 and LIF receptors, for example, are all composed of a distinct ligand-specific binding domain and a separate subunit (gp 130). gp 130 is responsible for initiating signal transduction and is identical in all three receptors. This is depicted schematically above...

TOXICANT-RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS MODULATION OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTIONS AND GENE EXPRESSION Michael S. Denison and William G. Helferich, editors, 256pp., 1998... 

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