Chemokine related

Blaschke S, Middel P, Domer BG, et al. Expression of activation-induced, T cell-derived, and chemokine-related cytokine/lymphotactin and its functional role in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2003 48(7) 1858-1872. 

Although chemokines act through specific GPCRs, chemokines relate to cytokines through many overlapping intracellular signaling pathways. One of the first signaling pathways identified was the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity to reduce the intracellular cAMP levels, modulated by the Ga subunit of the Gi/o proteins (Damaj et al., 1996). It was also... 

BHm BO, Liu Y, Zhou BY, He JJ (2004a) hiduction of C chemokine XCLl (lymphotactin/single C motif-1 alpha/activation-induced, T cell-derived and chemokine-related cytokine) expression by HIV-1 Tat protein. J Immunol 172 1888—1895. 

In order to evaluate the quality and the chemokine-related functionality of GAG preparations (on top of elucidating their compositional analyses), chemokine interaction studies are applied here. Since chemokine—GAG interactions will strongly depend upon the availability of the chemokine-specific GAG sequence/epitope in the GAG sample under investigation. 

Table 9.2 Chemokine-related characteristics of vGPCRs and their putative functions. 

Muller, S., Domer, B., Korthauer, U., Mages, H. W., D Apuzzo, M., Senger, G., and Kroczek, R. A. (1995). Cloning of ATAC, an activation-induced, chemokine-related molecule exclusively expressed in CD8-I- T lymphocytes. Eur. J. Immunol. 25, 1744-1748. 

Blaschke, S., Middel, P., Dorner, B. G., Blaschke, V., Hummel, K. M., Kroczek, R. A., Reich, K., Benoehr, P., Koziolek, M., and Muller, G. A. (2003a). Expression of activation-induced, T cell-derived, and chemokine-related cytokine/lymphotactin and its functional role in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 48, 1858-1872. 

A number of adipokines are linked to inflammation and immunity (Fig. 1). This includes both leptin and adiponectin, and also a number of other key inflammatory proteins, particularly cytokines and chemokines [1]. The cytokines and chemokines encompass interleukin-1(3 (EL-1 (3), IL-6, DL-10, TNFa, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Other major inflammation-related adipokines include nerve growth factor (NGF), and acute phase proteins such as serum amyloid A and haptoglobin. In addition, adipocytes secrete plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), which is an important thrombotic factor as well as an acute phase protein. 

No true synonyms. Related terms/subgroups Lympho-kines Monokines Interleukins Chemokines Interferons Growth factors (Table 1). 

Chemokines are small chemotactic cytokines that act as important messenger molecules between cells of the immune system. Chemokines produce their effects by activating a family of G-protein-coupled receptors. Chemokine receptors are all seven-transmembrane glycoproteins that are structurally related. They may be characterized into those that bind to specific ligands, or those that bind several chemokine ligands. There are also virally encoded (viral) chemokine receptors that represent shared receptors that have been transduced into the viral genome during evolutionary history (Premack and SchaU 1996). 

Aside from providing the targets for HIV-1-induced neuropathogenesis, researchers have also studied the normal functions served by chemokines in the nervous system. One answer to this question can be obtained by considering the evolution of chemokines and their receptors. There are a large number of chemokines that have been identified to date, more than 50 in most mammals. As far as we know, all the actions of chemokines are transduced through stimulation of a family of related, G protein-coupled receptors (Tran and Miller 2003). Research into the pattern of evolution of chemokines and their receptors has revealed that a large expansion of the chemokine family occurred in parallel with the development of a sophisticated... 

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