Receptor, history

Keywords Receptors Receptor history Paul Ehrlich John Newton Langley Emil Fischer Louis Pasteur Drug-receptor interactions Stereoselectivity Receptor diseases Receptor regulation Receptor structure... 

Receptor coupling, 287 Receptor diseases, 79 Receptor history, 79 Receptor regulation, 79 Receptors, 79, 287, 305, 333 Receptor structure, 79 Receptor tyrosine kinase, 261 Recombinant human receptors, 125 Release mechanism, 65 RET, 261 RGS proteins, 333 Rhinovirus, 291... 

Ortells MO, Lunt GG Evolutionary history of the ligand-gated ion-channel superfamily of receptors. Trends Neurosci 18 121—127, 1995 Overall JE, Gorham DR The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychol Rep 10 799—812,1962 Payne JP The criminal use of chloroform. Anaesthesia 53 685—690, 1998... 

The development of nucleic acid-based therapeutics is not as straightforward as researchers had initially anticipated. Stability, toxicity, specificity, and delivery of the compounds continue to be challenging issues that need further optimization. In recent years, researchers have come up with intricate solutions that have greatly improved the efficacy of potential antisense, ribozyme, as well as RNAi-based therapeutics. Clinical trials for all these types of nucleic acid-based therapeutics are underway. So far, data from several trials and studies in animal models look promising, in particular, the therapies that trigger the RNAi pathway. However, history has shown that compounds that do well in phase I or phase II clinical trials may still fail in phase III. A striking example is the nonspecific suppression of angiogenesis by siRNA via toII-Iike receptor 3 (Kleinman et al. 2008). It will become clear in the near future which compounds will make it as a new class of antiviral therapeutics. 

Chemokines are small chemotactic cytokines that act as important messenger molecules between cells of the immune system. Chemokines produce their effects by activating a family of G-protein-coupled receptors. Chemokine receptors are all seven-transmembrane glycoproteins that are structurally related. They may be characterized into those that bind to specific ligands, or those that bind several chemokine ligands. There are also virally encoded (viral) chemokine receptors that represent shared receptors that have been transduced into the viral genome during evolutionary history (Premack and SchaU 1996). 

Lane R., et al. (2002). Sequence analysis of mouse vomeronasal receptor gene clusters reveals common promoter motifs and a history of recent expansion. Proc Natl Acad Sci 99, 291-296. 

To control risk factors and prevent major adverse cardiac events, statin therapy should be considered in all patients with ischemic heart disease, particularly in those with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In the absence of contraindications, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors should be considered in ischemic heart disease patients who also have diabetes melli-tus, left ventricular dysfunction, history of myocardial infarction, or any combination of these. Angiotensin receptor blockers... 

Antihistamines such as diphenhydramine are known for their sedating properties and are frequently used over-the-counter medications (usual doses 25-50 mg) for difficulty sleeping. Diphenhydramine is approved by the FDA for the treatment of insomnia and can be effective at reducing sleep latency and increasing sleep time.43 However, diphenhydramine produces undesirable anticholinergic effects and carryover sedation that limit its use. As with TCAs and BZDRAs, diphenhydramine should be used with caution in the elderly. Valerian root is an herbal sleep remedy that has inconsistent effects on sleep but may reduce sleep latency and efficiency at commonly used doses of 400 to 900 mg valerian extract. Ramelteon, a new melatonin receptor agonist, is indicated for insomnia characterized by difficulty with sleep onset. The recommended dose is 8 mg at bedtime. Ramelteon is not a controlled substance and thus may be a viable option for patients with a history of substance abuse. 

With the advent of monoclonal antibodies, the search for tumour-specific antigens became the biggest cottage industry since unemployment. It rapidly became apparent that a 90 kD disulfide-bridged transmembrane protein was present in many tumour cells - it was the transferrin receptor, and as they say, the rest is history. It has become a standard procedure to determine the in vivo growth potential of tumours by measuring transferrin receptor expression. 

The results obtained in the UK trial are more difficult to explain. Since the sample was basically composed of rather young women (62% younger than 50 years old) with increased risk by family history (96% with a first-degree relative affected), it can be postulated that the origin of the majority of cancers was probably more genetic than hormonal. Furthermore, there is no information on the receptor status of the tumor detected in both placebo and treated group. 

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