Reception studies

Many of the target insects for pheromone biosynthesis and reception studies are pests of agricultural or medical importance. The intellectual exercise of unraveling the mechanisms involved in the production and reception of pheromone molecules is designed ultimately to lead to the development of the behaviormodifying agrochemicals of the future. 

Figure 2.22 Typical time-harmonic excitations used on the surface for receptivity studies (a) Strip excitation (b) Gaussian amplitude distribution and (c) Simultaneous blowing and suction...

Use relevant cues in reception studies, rather than off-the shelf chemicals... 

I have focused in this chapter on Woolf s British and US reception. Analyses of her reception, feminist and otherwise, in other national and cultural contexts reveal rather different histories of reception and response. For detailed and wide-ranging accounts of these, see The Reception of Virginia Woolf in Europe, ed. Maty Ann Caws and Nicola Luckhurst (London Continuum, 2.002.) and the chapter on European Reception Studies by Nicola Luckhurst and Alice Staveley in Palgrave Advances in Virginia Woolf Studies, ed. Anna Snaith (Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan, 2007). 

Combination techniques such as microscopy—ftir and pyrolysis—ir have helped solve some particularly difficult separations and complex identifications. Microscopy—ftir has been used to determine the composition of copolymer fibers (22) polyacrylonitrile, methyl acrylate, and a dye-receptive organic sulfonate trimer have been identified in acryHc fiber. Both normal and grazing angle modes can be used to identify components (23). Pyrolysis—ir has been used to study polymer decomposition (24) and to determine the degree of cross-linking of sulfonated divinylbenzene—styrene copolymer (25) and ethylene or propylene levels and ratios in ethylene—propylene copolymers (26). 

New product introductions are generally heavily supported by the technical service function. Many customers using chemical feedstocks to produce multicomponent products for the consumer market require extensive on-line evaluations of new raw materials prior to their acceptance for use. An example of this would be the use of a new engineering polymer for the fabrication of exterior automobile stmctural panels. Full-scale fabrication of the part foUowed by a detailed study of parameters, such as impact strength, colorant behavior, paint receptivity, exterior photodurabiHty, mar resistance, and others, would be required prior to making a raw materials change of this nature. 

It is interesting that the stimulus compounds used in the study differ widely in their molecular structures, and yet they all interact with antibodies to thaumatin. It is, therefore, probable that a single receptor-structure responds to all sweet stimuli,there being a variation in the relative effectiveness of sweet stimuli across individual nerve-fibers, and the characteristics of all receptor sites do not appear to be identical. Earlier elec-trophysiological studies of single primary, afferent taste-neurons uniformly agreed that individual fibers very often have multiple sensitivities, and that individual, gustatory receptors are part of the receptive field of more than one afferent fiber. " We have yet to learn how these interact, and the nature of their excitatory, or possible inhibitory, relations, or both. 

At its most fundamental level, the circadian cycle rests on the influence of so-called clock genes . These genes have been studied most extensively in insects but they have also been found in humans. Their protein products enter the cell nucleus and regulate their own transcription. This feedback process is linked to exposure to light and so it is not surprising that visual inputs are important for maintenance of circadian rhythms. However, it is not the reception of specific visual information, transmitted in the optic nerve to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and visual cortex (i.e. visual discrimination), that is responsible for the rhythm but the more simple, almost subconscious, reception of light. 

Besides these shortcomings the bluelight receptor and sensory transduction problem is recently being attacked on the basis of completely artificial flavin/membrane systems. These appear to provide well-defined model systems to study anisotropic flavin (photo-) chemistry. This, in turn, is an essential prerequisite which allows the primary photo-events of physiological bluelight reception to be imitated and elucidated. 

Ye, Q., Heck, G. L. and DeSimone, J. A. The anion paradox in sodium taste reception resolution by voltage-clamp studies. Science 254 724-726,1991. 

Which olfactory system mediates sexual behavior in mice has also been a matter of debate. Early studies (Thompson and Edwards 1972 Edwards and Burge 1973) suggested a role for the main olfactory system in the display of female sexual receptivity, since destructions of the MOE by intranasal infusion with a zinc sulfate solution (ZnS04) attenuated lordosis behavior in estrogen-progesterone-treated mice. However, the VNO may be also involved as a reduction in female sexual receptivity by VNO removal has been reported in various other rodent species (rats Rajendren,... 

Many fundamental questions remain to be investigated in the study of these systems. How do reception and perception of pheromone molecules by "eavesdroppers" compare to the same processes in the prey For... 

Because spectral accumulation is almost invariably used, the choice of the relaxation delay becomes critical. In the case of the quadrupolar nuclei the small relaxation times allow extremely rapid accumulations. This is vital for 170 studies at natural abundance since the receptivity is so small. The 15N nucleus, on the other hand, is frequently characterized by very large values for Ji, and since the recommended delay is five times T, this leads to long accumulation times. 

In rodents the most commonly studied female sexual behavior is the lordosis posture, in which the female remains immobile and concavely arches her back. Lordosis, usually in response to mounting, has been used as an index of female sexual receptivity. In addition, a variety of other measures such as elective proximity to a male have been used to index sexual proceptivity. Studies of these and related behaviors have shown that in rats ovarian secretions are essential for the expression of lordosis and can increase the expression of a variety of sociosexual behaviors (Pfaff, et al., 1994). Surgical removal of the ovary (ovariectomy) eliminates female sexual behavior in most rodents, and treatments with estrogen and progesterone can produce levels of sexual receptivity that closely resemble those seen in a gonadally-intact estrous female. 

Behavioral and emotional Nicotine has a number of behavioral and emotional effects. It increases locomotor activity, which is mediated by increased dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (Mirza 1996). Nicotine suppresses appetite and decreases weight gain in rats (Grunberg et al. 1986). Conversely, cessation of smoking causes increases in body weight. Nicotine increases sexual receptivity in female rats, but whether this occurs in humans has not been studied—or at least not formally (Fuxe et al. 1977). 

Crystallization is the technique that most noncrystallography laboratories can easily carry out in the initial stages of a structural study. Crystallization experiments, for the most part, can be carried out without much expense or technical knowledge. Many proteins give preliminary crystals following the techniques outlined below, and anyone who approached a crystallographer with crystals in hand would quickly find a welcome reception. 

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