Reception

In conventional spectroscopy, detectors measure radiation intensity. This method is inappropriate for detecting pulsed radiation. Because THz electromagnetic fields affect electronic devices by inducing electronic transitions, it is the time evolution of the THz electric field that is measured instead. Hence, alternative 

---

Let us consider a conductive material of conductivity o in which a long, very narrow discontinuity was machined under the examined material surface The surface examination is accomplished with a transducer with orthogonal coils, the coil parallel to the inspected surface serving as emission coil, and the coil perpendicular to the surface being the reception coil. 

Due to the orthogonal position of the emission and reception coils, the voltage induced by the alternative magnetic field of emission in the reception coil is zero, so that this will only detect the diffracted magnetic field. 

During the control, the reception coil has been scanning inside of the emission coils. The theoretical and experimental results have been obtained under the condition of a constant lift-off of 50 pm, obtained by applying a protective polyethilenic foil. 

In world practice RCT application is considered to the decision of control of the high density objects. The particular feature of RCT is the possibility of the reception of the quantitative information. Besides, the absence of characteristic to X-ray CT result distortions, which are caused by variation of an average value of polychromatic radiation energy, when it passes through an article, promotes the increase of accuracy characteristics of radionuclide CT... 

We assume the principle of reciprocity between radiation and reception, allowing us to associate the same distribution (p,0,z) for emission and reception. 

Based upon a piezoelectric 1-3-composite material, air-bome ultrasonic probes for frequencies up to 2 MHz were developped. These probes are characterized by a bandwidth larger than 50 % as well as a signal-to-noise ratio higher than 100 dB. Applications are the thickness measurement of thin powder layers, the inspection of sandwich structures, the detection of surface near cracks in metals or ceramics by generation/reception of Rayleigh waves and the inspection of plates by Lamb waves. 

The use of air-bome ultrasound for the excitation and reception of surface or bulk waves introduces a number of problems. The acoustic impedance mismatch which exists at the transducer/air and the air/sample interfaces is the dominant factor to be overcome in this system. Typical values for these three media are about 35 MRayls for a piezo-ceramic (PZT) element and 45 MRayls for steel, compared with just 0.0004 MRayls for air. The transmission coefficient T for energy from a medium 1 into a medium 2 is given by... 

The convenience of the offered monitoring system consists in an opportunity fast adjustment in conditions of many nomenclature manufacture, reception of the protocol of the testing results, opportunity of use of the unskilled personnel. By an offered principle installations for the testing of welding by explosion of cases of plunger pumps, details of air engineering and other were developed. 

With Judy and sons George and Ron, and daughter-m-laiv Ctndy at the USC Reception after the announcement of the prize, October 12, 1994... 

White House reception, November 1994, with Vice President Al Gore... 

Quality Specifications. Because of the extreme sensitivity of polyamide synthesis to impurities ia the iagredients (eg, for molecular-weight control, dye receptivity), adipic acid is one of the purest materials produced on a large scale. In addition to food-additive and polyamide specifications, other special requirements arise from the variety of other appHcations. Table 8 summarizes the more important specifications. Typical impurities iaclude monobasic acids arising from the air oxidation step ia synthesis, and lower dibasic acids and nitrogenous materials from the nitric acid oxidation step. Trace metals, water, color, and oils round out the usual specification Hsts. 

Standard polyester fibers contain no reactive dye sites. PET fibers are typically dyed by diffusiag dispersed dyestuffs iato the amorphous regions ia the fibers. Copolyesters from a variety of copolymeri2able glycol or diacid comonomers open the fiber stmcture to achieve deep dyeabiHty (7,28—30). This approach is useful when the attendant effects on the copolyester thermal or physical properties are not of concern (31,32). The addition of anionic sites to polyester usiag sodium dimethyl 5-sulfoisophthalate [3965-55-7] has been practiced to make fibers receptive to cationic dyes (33). Yams and fabrics made from mixtures of disperse and cationicaHy dyeable PET show a visual range from subde heather tones to striking contrasts (see Dyes, application and evaluation). 

When food contains both sweet and bitter substances, the temporal pattern of reception, ie, the order in which sweet and bitter tastes are perceived, affects the total quaUtative evaluation. This temporal effect is caused by the physical location of taste buds. The buds responding to sweet are located on the surface and the tip of the tongue, the bitter in grooves toward the rear. Therefore, the two types of taste buds can be activated sequentially. 

Absorption. Some inks (eg, oil-based newspaper inks) dry by penetration or absorption into the pores of the printed stock, which has a blotter or sponge effect. This is accompHshed by the gross penetration of the ink vehicle into the pores of the substrate, the partial separation of the vehicle from the pigment, and the diffusion of the vehicle throughout the paper. The abiHty of an ink to penetrate into paper depends on the number and size of the air spaces present in the paper, the affinity or receptivity of the stock for the ink, and the mobiHty of the ink. 

Itaconic acid is a specialty monomer that affords performance advantages to certain polymeric coatings (qv) (see Polyesters, unsaturated). Emulsion stabihty, flow properties of the formulated coating, and adhesion to substrates are improved by the acid. Acrylonitrile fibers with low levels of the acid comonomer exhibit improved dye receptivity which allows mote efficient dyeing to deeper shades (see Acrylonitrile polymers Fibers, acrylic) (10,11). Itaconic acid has also been incorporated in PAN precursors of carbon and graphite fibers (qv) and into ethylene ionomers (qv) (12). 

Isotope Spin, I Receptivity ratio Reference compound Detection range, ppm V at 7.05 MHz" E... 

The receptivity ratio is calculated by comparing the value ofa = magnetic ratio, and = spina . See text. 

Other Nuclei. Although most nmr experiments continue to involve H, or both, many other nuclei may also be utilized Several factors, including the value of I for the nucleus, the magnitude of the quadmpolar moment, the natural abundance and magnetogyric ratio of the isotope, or the possibihty of preparing enriched samples, need to be considered. The product of the isotopic parameters can be compared to the corresponding value for providing a measure of relative sensitivity or receptivity. Table 1 summarizes these factors for a number of isotopes. More complete information may... 

Industrial Relations. Employment compensation motivation training employee eating faciUties, eg, cafeteria and vending machines recreational activities health and safety plant security parking and visitors reception are iacluded here. 

Combination techniques such as microscopy—ftir and pyrolysis—ir have helped solve some particularly difficult separations and complex identifications. Microscopy—ftir has been used to determine the composition of copolymer fibers (22) polyacrylonitrile, methyl acrylate, and a dye-receptive organic sulfonate trimer have been identified in acryHc fiber. Both normal and grazing angle modes can be used to identify components (23). Pyrolysis—ir has been used to study polymer decomposition (24) and to determine the degree of cross-linking of sulfonated divinylbenzene—styrene copolymer (25) and ethylene or propylene levels and ratios in ethylene—propylene copolymers (26). 

---