RCRA

RCRA incinerator regulations include adrninistrative as weU as performance standards. Administrative standards include procedures for waste analysis, inspection of equipment, monitoring, and facihty security. Steps needed to meet adrninistrative standards are outlined ia the permit apphcation performance standards are demonstrated during a trial bum. Trial bum operating conditions are included in the permit to assure ongoing compliance with the performance standards. Performance standards include destmction and removal efficiency (DRE), particulate emissions limits, products of incomplete combustion emission limits, metal emission limits, and HCl and Cl emission limits (see Exhaust CONTROL, INDUSTRIAL). 

The overall requirement is 1.0—2.0 s for low energy waste compared to typical design standards of 2.0 s for RCRA ha2ardous waste units. The most important, ie, rate limiting steps are droplet evaporation and chemical reaction. The calculated time requirements for these steps are only approximations and subject to error. For example, formation of a skin on the evaporating droplet may inhibit evaporation compared to the theory, whereas secondary atomization may accelerate it. Errors in estimates of the activation energy can significantly alter the chemical reaction rate constant, and the pre-exponential factor from equation 36 is only approximate. Also, interactions with free-radical species may accelerate the rate of chemical reaction over that estimated solely as a result of thermal excitation therefore, measurements of the time requirements are desirable. 

Resource Conservation and ecoveTy Jict. The RCRA focuses on the proper disposition of waste from industrial processes. The interface to printing ink is primarily solvents, which can be flammable, and ingredients in ink that can contribute to the presence of certain heavy metals. The proper interface is the safe disposal of waste inks, but is often confused with disposal of printing matter. 

Potassium permanganate under RCRA definition meets the criteria of an ignitable waste, and if discarded is considered a ha2ardous waste. The reportable quantity (RQ) (220) for potassium permanganate is 45.4 kg (100 lbs) and releases into the environment greater than this value must be reported to the U.S. Coast Guard National Response Center. 

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) controls the disposal of ha2ardous waste. SARA Tide III governs the toxic iaventory and emission reporting the Clean Water Act (CWA) sets the limits for metals that can be present ia water discharge and the Clear Air Act (CAA)... 

Wastes contaminated with aniline may be Hsted as RCRA Hazardous Waste, and if disposal is necessary, the waste disposal methods used must comply with U.S. federal, state, and local water poUution regulations. The aniline content of wastes containing high concentrations of aniline can be recovered by conventional distillation. Biological disposal of dilute aqueous aniline waste streams is feasible if the bacteria are acclimated to aniline. Aniline has a 5-day BOD of 1.89 g of oxygen per gram of aniline. 

The two main federal agencies involved in the protection of human health and the environment are the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). EPA s principal concern is the protection of the environment, in most cases, the area outside of an industrial faciUty. There are 10 regional offices that carry out the regulatory functions of the agency (Table 1). Primary laws covered by EPA are the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA), the Clean Water Act (CWA), Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and LiabiUty Act (CERCLA), Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), and Eederal Insecticide, Eungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). 

Solid and Hazardous Waste. Regulation of pollution resulting from soHd waste disposal was formulated at a much slower pace than regulation of air or water pollution. It was not until the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 (6) was passed that substantial controls were authorized. 

The main objectives of RCRA ate to protect pubHc health and the environment and to conserve natural resources. The act requires EPA to develop and adininistet the following programs soHd waste disposal practices providing acceptable protection levels for pubHc health and the environment transportation, storage, treatment, and disposal of hazardous wastes practices that eliminate or minimize hazards to human health and the environment the use of resource conservation and recovery whenever technically and economically feasible and federal, state, and local programs to achieve these objectives. 

The section of the RCRA of most concern to the chemical industry is Subtitie C, the hazardous waste management regulations. The purpose of this section is to regulate hazardous wastes from their generation to their disposal. FaciUties that generate, treat, store, or dispose of hazardous wastes ate coveted by these regulations. 

Transportation and Disposal. Only highly alkaline forms of soluble sihcates are regulated by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) as hazardous materials for transportation. When discarded, these ate classified as hazardous waste under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Typical members of this class are sodium sihcate solutions having sihca-to-alkah ratios of less than 1.6 and sodium sihcate powders with ratios of less than 1.0. In the recommended treatment and disposal method, the soluble sihcates are neutralized with aqueous acid (6 Af or equivalent), and the resulting sihca gel is disposed of according to local, state, and federal regulations. The neutral hquid, a salt solution, can be flushed iato sewer systems (86). 

Clean Air Act (CAA) Clean Water Act (CWA) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)... 

Thermal treatment is used to destroy, break down, or aid in the desorption of contaminants in gases, vapors, Hquids, sludges, and soHds. There are a variety of thermal processes that destroy contaminants, most of which are classified as incineration. Incineration HteraHy means to become ash (from Medieval Latin, incinerare in or into ashes). With respect to the incineration of hazardous wastes regulated in the United States, however, there is a strict legal definition of what constitutes an incinerator. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) definition of incinerator at 40 CFR 260.10 is... 

Antimony may enter the human body through the consumption of meats, vegetables, and seafood which all contain about 0.2—1.1 ppb antimony. Disposal of Antimony. Antimony and its compounds have been designated as priority pollutants by the EPA (35). As a result users, transporters, generators, and processors of antimony-containing material must comply with regulations of the Eederal Resource Conservative and Recovery Act (RCRA). 

Under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and LiabiHty Act (CERCLA)/RCRA regulations in effect at the end of 1986 bromine is regulated as a hazardous waste or material. Therefore, it must be disposed of in an approved hazardous waste faciHty in compliance with EPA and/or other appHcable local, state, and federal regulations and should be handled in a manner acceptable to good waste management practice. The reportable quantity is 45.4 kg for corrosivity (62). 

The United States has the most laws regarding environmental safety and health. The National Environmental PoHcy Act (NEPA) of 1969 has resulted in the following acts Eederal Insecticides, Eungicide and Rodenticide (EIERA), Resource Conservation and Recovery (RCRA), Superfund (CERCLA), Superfund Amendments and Reauthori2ation Act (SARA) Plus Tide III, Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA), Clean Water (CWA), Water Quahty, Safe Drinking Water (SDWA), and Waste Minimi2ation and Control. 

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