Rainbow effect

When white light (such as the light from an ordinary light bulb) is passed through a prism, a rainbow effect is seen. This is known as a continuous spectrum and includes all the colours in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum (from about 400 to 700 nm). 

Newton Fringe. A rainbow effect in films that have been metallized under high vacuum, caused usually by inadequate thickness of the top lacquer. 

From childhood we are taught that white light is a mixture of coloured lights and this is proved to us aU by the rainbow effect or the splitting of white light through a prism. 

As a second example let us extract parameter Og for the system CO-Pt, where rainbow effects in vibrational-rotational transitions have been observed. In experiments (Mantell et al. 1983) on the scattering of CO (E fa 300K) from thermal surface of Pt (T, = 1365 K) they have observed two vibrational transitions ttvibi = 1 vibf = 0 and vibi = 2 - Tivibf == 1 with multiple rotational satteUtes. Taking the Bom-Mayer potential as a model for Vo... 

Experimental observations of the rainbow effect provided early evidence for the existence (and magnitude) of the shallow, intermolecular potential well, for chemically non-bonding systems. 

The chronic aquatic effects which relate silver speciation to adverse environmental effects were studied on rainbow trout eggs and fry. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) for silver nitrate, as total silver, was reported to be 90—170 ng/L (43). Using fathead minnow eggs and fry, the MATC, as total silver, for silver thiosulfate complexes was reported as 21—44 mg/L, and for silver sulfide as 11 mg/L, the maximum concentration tested (27). 

The cyclopropenoid fatty acids, malvaUc acid and stercuhc acid, exist in hexane-defatted meal at levels of 21—76 ppm (70). In rainbow trout, the cyclopropenoid acids cause cancer of the fiver either alone or by acting synergistically with aflatoxin B. However, similar effects in mammals or humans have not been demonstrated (63). 

Such efforts have met with limited success, and the reason usually advanced is our lack of understanding of the frequency dependence of molecular NLO properties. In classical electromagnetism, we refer to properties that depend on the frequency of radiation as dispersive and we say that (for example) dispersion is responsible for a rainbow. The blue colour of the sky is a dispersion effect, as is the red sky at night and morning. There is more to it than that, and you might like to read a more advanced text (Hinchliffe and Munn, 1985). 

Little information on effects of DOSS on marine organisms are available [114-116]. A recently published paper deals with an intensive study of toxicity, bioaccumulation, metabolism, and elimination of DOSS in rainbow trout. The LCjq was determined to be 28 mg/L [116]. A very similar value was found for golden ide [117]. 

The effect of a mixture of an unspecified monoester sulfosuccinate and ole-finsulfonate in golden ide and rainbow trout was evaluated [118]. First losses... 

Schwaiger J, Ferling H, Mallow U, Wintermayr H, Negele R (2004) Toxic effects of non-steroideal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. Part I. Histopathological alterations and bioaccumulation in rainbow trout. Aquat Toxicol 68 141-150... 

The test system was considerably less sensitive to endosulfan when mouse ER, rather than human ER, was used to mediate (3-gal activity (Ramamoorthy et al. 1997). In similar assays, endosulfan at 10 jM had no effect on (3-gal activity in yeast Saccharomyces) transfected with either the human or rainbow trout ER (Andersen et al. 1999). In addition, no effect was observed on transcriptional activation of HeLa cells transfected with plasmids containing an estrogen receptor as a responsive element (Shelby et al. 1996). Endosulfan also did not induce transient reporter gene expression in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells at an incubation concentration of 2.5 pM (Andersen et al. 1999). Maximum endosulfan-induced ER-mediated luciferase reporter gene expression occurred in vitro in a T47D human breast adenocarcinoma cell line at approximately 10 pM, while 50% expression of luciferase occurred at about 5.9 pM the maximum expression was approximately 59% of the effect from exposure to 0.03 nM estradiol (0.00003 pM) (Legler et al. 1999). Luciferase expression from combined treatment with endosulfan and dieldrin was additive over concentrations ranging from 3 to 8 pM. 

Hou, Y.Y., Snzuki, Y, and Aida, K. (1999). Effects of steroid hormones on immnnoglobulin M (IgM) in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Eish Physiology and Biochemistry 20, 155-162. 

McNicholl, P.G. and Mackay, W.C. (1975). Effect of Ddt and Ms-222 on learning a simple conditioned-response in rainbow-trout (Salmo gairdneri). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 32, 661-665. 

NORDRUM S, BAKKE-MCKELLEP A M, KROGDAHL A, BUDDINGTON R K (2000) Effects of Soybean meal and salinity on intestinal transport of nutrients in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 125 317-35. 

The carbamate insecticide aldicarb (Figure 2.13) that exerts its effect by inactivating acetylcholinesterase is metabolized by a flavin monooxygenase from rainbow trout to the sulfoxide, which is a more effective inhibitor (Schlenk and Buhler 1991). 

Hrabik TR, Magnuson JJ, McLain AS. 1998. Predicting the effects of rainbow smelt on native fishes in small lakes evidence from long-term research on two lakes. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 55 1364-1371. 

Bleau H, Daniel C, Chevaher G, Van Tra H, Hontela A. 1996. Effects of acute exposure to mercury chloride and methyhnercury on plasma cortisol, T3, T4, glucose and Ever glycogen in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquat Toxicol 34 221-235. 

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