Defatted meal

Oilseed Hulls Oil Protein Ash Protein in dehuUed, defatted meal... 

Contents of oligosaccharides of defatted meals are given in Table 6. Sucrose, rafflnose, and stachyose are the principal sugars present. The polysaccharide ... 

Proteins and Meals. Nutritional properties of the oilseed protein meals and their derived products are deterrnined by the amino acid compositions, content of biologically active proteins, and various nonprotein constituents found in the defatted meals. Phytic acid (3), present as salts in all four meals, is beheved to interfere with dietary absorption of minerals such as 2inc, calcium, and iron (67) (see Food toxicants, naturally occurring Mineral nutrients). ... 

The cyclopropenoid fatty acids, malvaUc acid and stercuhc acid, exist in hexane-defatted meal at levels of 21—76 ppm (70). In rainbow trout, the cyclopropenoid acids cause cancer of the fiver either alone or by acting synergistically with aflatoxin B. However, similar effects in mammals or humans have not been demonstrated (63). 

Concentrates are made by extracting water-soluble sugars and other compounds from defatted meals or flours. This is typically a secondary extraction, using acidic ethanol-water in a chain-type or basket-type continuous extractor for processing flakes, or acidic water extraction of flour in vats, followed by spray-drying (8). Acidic polar solvents are used at or near the isoelectric point of the protein to minimize its solubility and loss. The reextracted flakes may then be ground into a flour. Concentrates are more bland than defatted flours, but still contain the fiber components of the kernel. After extraction with acidic ethanol or water, concentrates... 

Soluble proteins in various aqueous fractions of glandless cottonseed flour (hexane-defatted) and peanut products (whole peanuts, and full-fat and hexane defatted meal and flour) were determined by methods of Cherry et al (10), and McWatters et... 

Tree nuts, tree nut oils, and tree nut byproducts (defatted meals and hulls) are known to contain several bioactive and health-promoting components. Epidemiological evidence indicates that the consumption of tree nuts may exert several cardioprotective effects, which are speculated to derive from their lipid component that includes unsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols, and tocols (4). Recent investigations... 

Figure 9. Different products (oil, full-fat meal, and partially defatted meal) from the extrusion and expelling process. Courtesy of Insta-Pro International, des Monies, Iowa. (This figure is available in full color at http //www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/biofp.)...

Figure 1. Extraction and precipitation yields of canola and sunflower proteins at different pH (extraction from industrially defatted meals).

Amino Acid Content in defatted meal (g/16gN) Canola Sunflower Requirem entsof human adults ... 

The by-product obtained from oil milling is a defatted meal with 40-45% protein, making it suitable for both food and feed applications. 

Determination of residual hexane in defatted meals is another standard application of HSGC in lipid chemistry (DGF Standard B-II 8a, 1987). 

Amarowicz et al. (1994) studied the phenolic compounds of flaxseed meal extracted into 80% ethanol (v/v) by chromatographic techniques. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic phenolic compounds were present. The separated hydrophilic fractions had a UV maximum absorption between 270 and 290 nm which was different from that observed for phenolic acids. Meanwhile, the tannin content of flaxseed meal was very low (125 to 137 mg/100 g of defatted meal) when compared to that of high glucosinolate rapeseed and canola (Shahidi and Naczk 1988 Shahidi et al., 1988 Wanasundara and Shahidi, 1994a). 

NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SESAME. Sesame seed averages about 50% oil, which is highly resistant to oxidation, and 25% protein, which has a unique balance of amino acids. Dehulled, defatted meal contains 50 to 60% protein and is bland. Food Composition Table F-21 gives the nutrient composition of sesame seeds and sesame oil. 

After the Second World War for the increased meat production were inadequate the traditional sources of feed-protein (fish meal and scarps from meat-processing plants) to meet these increases in demand. Therefore in this time the USA has started growing soybeans on large scale, primarily for their oil and for the toasted, defatted meal, used as animal feed. 

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