Radiation radionuclides

During the last years ionizing radiation radionuclide sources were repeatedly withdrawn from illegal circulation in Dnepropetrovsk,... 

Radioactive Isotopes (Radioisotopes) For more information about radioisotopes [Americium - 241 (Am-241) Celsium-137 (Cs-137) Cobalt-60 (CO-60) Iodine a-129 1-131) Plutonium-239 (Pu-239) Strontium-90 (Sr-90) Uranium-235 (U-235) and Uranium-238 (U-238)]see the Public Health Statement by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry at http //w ww.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles, or visit the Environmental Protection Agency at littp //www.epa.gov/radiation/radionuclides/americiuni.htni. 

A B -radiating nuclide existing naturally in water is potassium 0. Potassium, which exists dissolved in small quantities in practically every kind of natural water, is a mixture of isotopes with a proportion of approximately 0.012 % of the B -radiating radionuclide potassium 40. 

EPA. (2006). Uranium-radiation protection, http //www.epa.gov/radiation/radionuclides/ uranium.html (accessed August 3, 2014). 

In world practice RCT application is considered to the decision of control of the high density objects. The particular feature of RCT is the possibility of the reception of the quantitative information. Besides, the absence of characteristic to X-ray CT result distortions, which are caused by variation of an average value of polychromatic radiation energy, when it passes through an article, promotes the increase of accuracy characteristics of radionuclide CT... 

The control technique of fuel distribution in uranium - graphite fiael elements seems to be most perform. The technique allows to determine weight of uranium or its connections in a chosen zone of fuel elements. There were used the sources of radiation on a basis radionuclide Am. The weight of uranium in fuel element or its parts is determined by combine processing of a tomograms, set received on several parallel layers of fuel element. The comparative results of tomographic researches and chemical analysis of weight of uranium in quarters of spherical fuel elements are resulted in the table. 

Several portions of Section 4, Properties of Atoms, Radicals, and Bonds, have been significantly enlarged. For example, the entries under Ionization Energy of Molecular and Radical Species now number 740 and have an additional column with the enthalpy of formation of the ions. Likewise, the table on Electron Affinities of the Elements, Molecules, and Radicals now contains about 225 entries. The Table of Nuclides has material on additional radionuclides, their radiations, and the neutron capture cross sections. 

Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible Concentration of Radionuclides in Air and in Water for Occupational Exposure, ReportNo. NCRP, No. 22, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement, Washington, D.C., 1959. 

In the marine environment, the numerous radionuclides can be classified into three broad categories based on their production or origin (1) those derived from the weathering of continental rocks, the primordial radionuclides, (2) those formed from cosmic radiation, the cosmogenic radionuclides, and (3) those artificially introduced into nature, the anthropogenic or transient radionuclides and tracers. The primordial radionuclides (e.g. Th, and U) were... 

Once the radionuclide concentration in the air, and the ground deposition at a certain location liave been computed, the next step is to consider how the radiation reaches the people at that location. The four major pathways are ... 

The radiation dose from being in or near a "cloud" of aiibome radioactivity can be calculated if the radionuclide concentration in the cloud is known. While radioactive noble gases may be inhaled, they are not retained in the body, hence, most of their dose contribution is by cloud radiation. 

Cs, I, and Sr) in her milk which is usuaUy consumed fairly near the cow within a few days after production. Other foodstuffs may be stored for months, allowing the short-lived radionuclides to decay away. Moreover, milk is a major food for children who are more susceptible to radiation... 

Nuclear activation analysis (NAA) is a method for qualitatively and quantitatively detg elemental compn by means of nuclear transmutations. The method involves the irradiation or bombardment of samples with nuclear particles or high-energy electromagnetic radiation for the specific purpose of creating radioactive isotopes from the stable or naturally-occurring elements present. From the numbers, types and quantities of radioactive elements or radionuclides, it is possible to deduce information about the elemental compn of the original sample... 

Radiopharmaceuticals have one of two general functions (1) they may be used to detect or image biological problems such as tumors and (2) they may be used to treat an illness. Which type of radiation (a, p, or y) would be the most suitable for (a) detection and (b) therapy Justify your selections, (c) From standard literature sources, find at least two radionuclides that have been used for imaging body tissues, (d) What are the half-lives of these radionuclides ... 

Reference materials for radioisotopes have mainly been used for purposes relating to nuclear and radiation safety. Historically, the development of such materials first arose from the need to assess the risk to human populations caused by worldwide contamination of food and the environment as a consequence of atomic bomb testing - particularly from bombs exploded in the atmosphere. Even now, although atmospheric testing ceased many years ago, the residues from these tests still remain the main source of radionuclides such as Cs and °Sr in the global environment (though locally, other sources may be more important in some countries). 

The ICRP (1994b, 1995) developed a Human Respiratory Tract Model for Radiological Protection, which contains respiratory tract deposition and clearance compartmental models for inhalation exposure that may be applied to particulate aerosols of americium compounds. The ICRP (1986, 1989) has a biokinetic model for human oral exposure that applies to americium. The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP) has also developed a respiratory tract model for inhaled radionuclides (NCRP 1997). At this time, the NCRP recommends the use of the ICRP model for calculating exposures for radiation workers and the general public. Readers interested in this topic are referred to NCRP Report No. 125 Deposition, Retention and Dosimetry of Inhaled Radioactive Substances (NCRP 1997). In the appendix to the report, NCRP provides the animal testing clearance data and equations fitting the data that supported the development of the human mode for americium. 

During refueling, the respective concentrations were 1.64, 1.33, 0.78, 0.19, and 6.34 mBq/m3 (44.3, 35.9, 21,5.1, and 171 fCi/m3). The derived air concentration recommended by the ICRP for occupational exposure is 80.0 mBq/m3 (2,200 fCi/m3). In 1997, the French radiation protection office conducted monitoring (24-hour urine analysis/whole body activity measurements) of workers in the non-nuclear energy field (i.e., nuclear medicine, research laboratories, and non-nuclear industries) to ascertain the occupational intake of radionuclides (De Vathaire et al. 1998). 241Am was not detected in samples from any of the 37 workers who worked with the isotope. 

Datta S. 1982. Organ dose from inhaled radionuclides taking lull period into account. Radiat Prot Dosim 2(1) 47-51. 

Knatko VA, Mayall A, Drugachenok MA, et al. 1993. Radiation doses in southern Byelorussia from the inhalation of specific radionuclides following the Chernobyl accident. Radiat Prot Dosim 48(2) 179-183. 

Moskalev JI, Buldakov LA, Lyaginskaya AM, et al. 1969. Experimental study of radionuclide transfer through the placenta and their biological action on the fetus. In Radiation biology of the fetal and juvenile Mmmmal Richland, WA Hanford Biology Symposium, 153-160. 

NCRP. 1987. Use of bioassay procedures for assessment of internal radionuclide deposition. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Bethesda, MD. Report No. 87. 

NRC. 1996. Contribution of maternal radionuclide burdens to prenatal radiation doses. Washington, DC Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. National Regulatory Commission. NUREG/CR-5631. 

Priest ND, Birchall A. 1984. The calculation of bone doses from alpha-emitting bone surface seeking radionuclides for radiological protection purposes. Radiat Environ Biophys 23 149-153. 

Sikov MR. 1992. Hazards and risks from prenatal irradiation Emphasis on internal radionuclide exposures. Radiat Prot Dosim 41(2-4) 265-272. 

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