World Health Organization, recommended

The World Health Organization recommends setting the upper limit of cadmium uptake as 1 pg/day, however in some regions this value is exceeded due to both natural background and environmental pollution. 

WHO (2005) The World Health Organization recommended classification of pesticides by hazard. 

The innate system is of special importance during early infancy. Prior to birth and for at least 4-12 months after birth a child s immune system is poorly developed. It may not become fully competent until age 5.34 35 During the prenatal period maternal antibodies are transferred to the child. IgG crosses the placenta and enters the fetal circulation. Breast milk provides IgA, which remains largely in the child s gut, as well as other protective proteins. UNICEF and the World Health Organization recommend breast-feeding to two years or beyond 34... 

The World Health Organization recommends that the total concentration of PAHs in drinking water should not exceed 10ngL 1. The ozonation of the above two PAHs, plus benzo[ ]pyrene, in water solution was examined experimentally as a function of pH and concentration of radical scavenger (tert-butanol). Acidic pH values accelerate the disappearance of the PAHs. At pH 2, the direct ozonolysis rates were approximately 33000M-1 s-1 for benzopyrene, 11 000 M-1 s 1 for chrysene, and 45 M 1 s 1 for fluorene <2004MI453>. 

Leprosy (Hansen s disease) is caused by M- leprae. Bacilli from skin lesions or nasal discharges of infected patients enter susceptible individuals via the skin or respiratory tract. The World Health Organization recommends the triple drug regimen, dapsone, clofazimine, and rifampin (see p. 333) for 6 to 24 months. 

WHO. 1982. World Health Organization. Recommended health-based limits in occupational exposure to pesticides. WHO Tech Rep Ser 677 1-110. 

Although rarely encountered in developed countries, vitamin A deficiency remains a global public health problem. The current World Health Organization recommendation for vitamin A treatment in children 1 year of age and older who are at risk (see Table 17-3) is one 200,000 lU oral dose every 3 to 6 months for prophylaxis, and three such doses for treatment and prevention of xerophthalmia. Animal studies (rat model) have shown some improvement in corneal epithelial fimction with topical vitamin A supplementation. In human trials, evidence is contradictory regarding the beneficial role of topical vitamin A application. The apparent mechanism is reduction of inflammatory components. 

The World Health Organization recommended SAFE strategy (snrgery of late-stage disease, antibiotics for acnte... 

The World Health Organization recommends that drug dependence be specified by type when under detailed discussion. 

Although potassium iodide does not protect the thyroid from external radiation, patients suffering from internal radioiodine contamination should receive potassium iodide to prevent or reduce thyroid uptake. To be effective, patients must receive the potassium iodide within a few hours after exposure (5,11). Compared to adults, children are more susceptible to the effects of radioiodine. Consequently, the Federal Drug Administration (15) and World Health Organization recommendations for administration of potassium iodide differ for children and adults. Table 4.6 contains the FDA recommendations for potassium iodide administration. 

Fig. 5.13 Mean annual dissolved nitrate concentrations in the River Thames, UK, 1930-1980. WHO limit refers to the World Health Organization recommended maximum safe nitrate concentration in drinking water. Data courtesy of UK Department of the Environment National Water Council, Crown Copyright 1984.

The World Health Organization recommends limiting the concentrations of nitrite and nitrate nitrogen to 10 mg 1 , emphasizing that this value exceeds the content of nitrates in water which can be used for the preparation of nourishment for sucklings. 

More than 50 years of research has shown that sodium fluoride and other fluorides are effective in preventing tooth decay. Based on this information, sodium fluoride or some other compound of fluorine is now added to most toothpastes made in the United States. Dentists regularly treat their patients teeth with fluoride washes to make them more resistant to decay. Most cities and towns in the United States add sodium fluoride or a comparable compound to the municipal water supply to reduce the rate of dental caries (cavities). Some people who live where fluoride is not added to their water supply take sodium fluoride pills to improve their dental health. The American Dental Association and the World Health Organization recommend... 

Although trans- and saturated fats have beneficial attributes from the standpoint of food formulation (firmness, reduction of oil migration, and leakage), they have also been linked to detrimental health effects. As a result, the World Health Organization recommends that fat consumption should be shifted toward unsaturated fatty acids as opposed to saturated and trans-fats. However, fat sources higher in unsaturated fatty acids, such as edible oils, lack structure at room temperature. As a consequence, they can produce adverse effects in food products, which often result in a reduction in... 

The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months and then continued breastfeeding along with other foods for two years or more. Breastfeeding should be "on demand" as often as the baby wants it day and night (WHO, 2011). 

Less research has been carried out on millets than on other cereals. Nutritional quality is one area of priority. Like other cereals, millet has low contents of essential amino acids. For example, pearl millet contains in the order of 3 g lysine/100 g protein, whereas the World Health Organization recommends a minimum of 5.5 g/100 g. On the plus side, millets do not contain gluten proteins, so they are safe for those with celiac disease. Millets are low in certain minerals, including calcium. 

World Health Organization, Recommended Health-Based Limits in Occupational Exposure to Heavy Metals. WHO Technical Report Series No. 647, Geneva, 1980. 

Alcohol affects just about every capacity that we have, and performance deteriorations have been documented for just about every perceptual, attentional, decision, memory, and psychomotor task that has been evaluated. In fact, alcohol effects are so pervasive and consistent that the World Health Organization recommends that alcohol-related impairment serve as a benchmark for other impairments (Willette and Walsh, 1983). As might be e q>ected, in general there is a direct dose-response relationship so that the amount of impairment is directly related to the amount of alcohol that enters the blood. The impairing effects can be demonstrated at very low alcohol levels and as the amount of alcohol in the blood rises, tiie number of functions that are impaired and degree of impairment increases (Moskowitz Mid Robinson, 1988 Moskowitz and Fiorentino, 2000 Ogden and Moskowitz, 2004). 

The urinary iodine excretion measurements in Zagreb and Rude showed mostly borderline values. Although along the coast over 200 ]4g I/g creatinine was found (13), the values in Zagreb and Rude are less than current World Health Organizations recommendation for optimum iodine intake of 150-300 /[Pg.411]

Pernicious anemia most often occurs in persons over 40 years of age. It is practically unknown among black people. In England, approximately 1 of 1000 persons suffers from this disease. The World Health Organization recommends a daily dose of only 1 pg (10 g) of vitamin Bj2. Human body stores about 5 mg of the cobalamins. Neither plants nor animals can synthesize cobalamins. This vitamin is unique in that it is synthesized only by certain microorganisms, notably anaerobic bacteria. 

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