Closed questions

The skills of questioning are widely covered elsewhere and therefore not dealt with in detail here. The most common distinction is between open and closed questions. Closed questions provoke only very short, sometimes one-word responses - for example, have you had a nice day or are you intending to write this e-mail . Open questions are types of questions that encourage fairly elaborate responses. The onus is on the respondent. Open questions tend to start with words such as how, why and what. Since this is the type that is mainly used by mentors, the different kinds of open questions are looked at more closely in Table 5.1 (Parsloe and Wray, 2000). 

Many people wonder why laywers are often so prolix. Usually it is an attempt to be clear. It is quite common for a lawyer to restate a question together with the answer. It is not at all uncommon for a client to present a long involved set of facts on which he wants a yes or no answer only to get a good many pages of restatement of the facts before a conclusion is reached. This is necessary to ensure that the client and the lawyer are discussing exactly the same question. Closely related questions may have different answers, and the client may bias the question so as to receive the response he wants. In such biasing, the question can become sufficiently different that it does not fit the circumstances found later to exist. 

Circle or underline key words and phrases in the question. These are words and phrases that help you pick the one correct answer. Think of them as clues. You are the detective and you must examine each question closely for clues to the correct answer. For example, if you have a reading comprehension passage about improvements in bicycle safety and then the question, The modern bicycle has all the following safety features EXCEPT, the key words are modern, safety features, and except. After you mark these words and phrases, look in the passage for the safety features of the modern bicycle. Then choose the answer that is not mentioned in the passage as a safety feature of the modern bicycle. 

I am afraid, this section will be somewhat sketchy and unsophisticated. This is my fault, but I have an excuse. The issue addressed here has rarely been addressed in the way I intend to, so I cannot rely on technical resources of the sort which are usually developed during prolonged philosophical discussion. This is also the reason why I frequently mention questions which were raised and discussed within the philosophy of science. It is in that field that questions closely related to the ones I discuss emerged. 

Three questions closely related to the reaction mechanism must be answered before any conclusion can be reached ... 

The patient should be given a full clinical examination and questioned closely the results should be noted down in the... 

A question closely related to that of defining the system boundary is the question of what should be regarded as the top-level hazards. 

Indeed, if we questioned closely those who work. .. in the shops of apothecaries. .. as to whether they have at time contracted some ailment while compounding remedies that would restore others to health, they would admit that they have very often been seriously affected. 

An additional important question closely connected with the processing of these composites is low thermal stability of cellulose component The processing temperature of composites is restricted to about 200°C because lignocellulosic materials start to degrade near 230°C [145]. 

The model adopted by Ri and Eyring is not now acceptable, but some of the more recent treatments of electrostatic effects are quite close to their method in principle. In dealing with polar substituents some authors have concentrated on the interaction of the substituent with the electrophile whilst others have considered the interaction of the substituent with the charge on the ring in the transition state. An example of the latter method was mentioned above ( 7.2.1), and both will be encountered later ( 9.1.2). They are really attempts to explain the nature of the inductive effect, and an important question which they raise is that of the relative importance of localisation and electrostatic phenomena in determining orientation and state of activation in electrophilic substitutions. 

Suppose that the only available indicator changes color at a pH of 6.8. Is this end point close enough to the equivalence point that the titration error may be safely ignored To answer this question we need to know how the pH changes during the titration. 

Answer. In a question like this close attention to units is extremely important and helpful. This applies particularly to the calculation of the moment of inertia I. Since it has dimensions of mass X length we shall aim for SI base units of kg nr. 

The question of whether adsorption should be done ia the gas or Hquid phase is an interesting one. Often the choice is clear. Eor example, ia the separation of nitrogen from oxygen, Hquid-phase separation is not practical because of low temperature requirements. In C q—olefin separation, a gas-phase operation is not feasible because of reactivity of feed components at high temperatures. Also, ia the case of substituted aromatics separation, such as xylene from other Cg aromatics, the inherent selectivities of iadividual components are so close to one another that a simulated moving-bed operation ia hquid phase is the only practical choice. 

One of the particulady challenging aspects of the work in a museum laboratory is the enormous variety of problems encountered. Every object examined is unique and for each the questions to be answered differ. Thus the museum laboratory most closely resembles, if anything, the forensic laboratory, and many of the methodologies employed are common (see Forensic chemistry). 

New lonomer Types. There is a continuing interest in new ionomers within the academic community, since novel and unexpected phenomena are frequently being discovered. However, there are still many unanswered questions with respect to the ethylene ionomers, especially the influence of ionic bonding on crystalline stmcture. Continued study of these interesting polymers will close the gaps in knowledge of this area of polymer science. 

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