Quartz crystal microbalance with

SJ. Martin, V.E. Granstaff, and G.C. Frye, Characterization of a quartz crystal microbalance with simultaneous mass and liquid loading. Anal. Chem. 63, 2272-2281 (1991). 

Improving the accuracy of a quartz crystal microbalance with automatic determination of acoustic impedance ratio. 

Since micro-gravimetry with the EQCM lacks specificity only the difference of cation and anion fluxes can be obtained by microgravimetry and therefore an independent measurement of specific ions is needed. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) coupled with a quartz crystal microbalance with independent potential control of the tip and substrate has been recently done by Cliffel and Bard [28]. In this experiment generation at the substrate (EQCM crystaj) working electrode and collection at the tip of an ultramicroelectrode (UNE) that was approached perpendicular to the EQCM crystal was employed with measurement of A/. Hillier and Ward [8] had previously used a scanning microelectrode to map the mass sensitivity across the surface of the QCM crystal. Reflection of longitudinal waves at the UME tip limits these experiments due to oscillations. 

Boujday S, Methivier C, Beccard B, Pradier C-M (2009) Innovative surface characterization techniques applied to immunosensor elaboration and test comparing the efficiency of Fourier transform-surface plasmon resonance, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation measurements, and polarization modulation-reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy. Anal Biochem 387 194-201... 

Hook, F., Kasemo, B., Nylander, T., Fant, C., Sott, K., and Elwing, H. (2001). Variations in coupled water, viscoelastic properties, and film thickness of a Mefp-1 protein film during adsorption and cross-linking A quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring, ellipsometry, and surface plasmon resonance study.y4na/. Chem., 13, 5796-5804. 

The practical application of this measurement principle is the QCM-D technique (quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring), patented by Q-Sense [55]. The QCM-D technique extracts frequency, /, and dissipation, D = Rs/ coLs), or the respective changes A/ and AD (see Chap. 12 in this volume). 

Richter RP (2004) The formation of solid-supported lipid membranes and two-dimensional assembly of proteins. A study combining atomic force microscopy and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. Bordeaux University, Talence... 

The first subdiscipline of chemistry in which the QCM was widely applied was electrochemistry. In 1992 Buttry and Ward published a review entitled Measurement of interfacial processes at electrode surfaces with the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance , with 133 references [8]. This is the most widely cited paper on quartz crystal microbalances. After presenting the basic principles of AT-cut quartz resonators, the authors discuss the experimental aspects and relation of electrochemical parameters to QCM frequency changes. In their review of the investigation of thin films, they discuss electrodeposition of metals, dissolution of metal films, electrovalency measurements of anion adsorption, hydrogen absorption in metal films, bubble formation, and self-assembled monolayers. The review concludes with a brief section on redox and conducting polymer films. 

In 2003, Tsionsky, Daikhin, Urbakh, and Gileadi [21] published a very thorough treatment of the metal/solution interface as examined by the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance, with emphasis on the misinterpretations of data that can occur if the basic physics and chemistry at the interface are not understood. Topics covered include the electrical double-layer/electrostatic adsorption, the adsorption of organic and inorganic species, metal deposition, and the influence of roughness on the response of the QCM in liquids. 

Figure 4.18 Principal construction of a quartz crystal microbalance with network analysis. WE working electrode, CE counter electrode, RE reference electrode, Po potentiostat, Na network analyzer, R and C for resistance and capacitance for impedance adaptation, and Nj inert gas purging.

Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring... 

Hieda, M., Garcia, R., Dixon, M., Daniel, T., AUara, D., and Chan, M.H.W. 2004. Ultrasensitive quartz crystal microbalance with porous gold electrodes. App/. Phys. Lett. 84 628-630. 

The present study aims to understand the influence of solvent quality on the molecular-level friction mechanism of tethered, brushlike polymers. It involves complementary adsorption studies of PLL-,g-PEG by means of optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (OWLS) and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) as well as friction studies performed on the nanoscale using colloidal-probe lateral force microscopy (LFM). The adsorbed mass measured by QGM-D includes a contribution from solvent molecules absorbed within the surface-bound polymer fllm. This is in contrast to optical techniques, such as OWLS, which are sensitive only to the dry mass of a polymer adsorbed onto the surface of the waveguide.By subtracting the dry mass , derived from OWLS measurements, from the wet mass , derived from QCM-D measurements, it is therefore possible to determine the mass of the solvent per unit substrate area absorbed in the brushlike structure of PLL- -PEG, expressed as areal solvation, P. Areal solvation was varied by choosing solvents (aqueous buffer solution, methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol) of different quality with respect to the PEG brush. The solvents were characterized in terms of the three-component Hansen solubility parameters, and these values were compared with measured areal solvation of the PEG brush. 

Jin J, Jiang W, Yin J, Ji X, Stagnaro P. Plasma proteins adsorption mechanism on polyethylene-grafted poly(ethylene glycol) surface by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation. Langmuir 2013 29 6624-33. http //dx.doi.org/10.1021/la4017239. 

Andersson M, et al. Quartz crystal microbalance-with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) for real time measurements of blood coagulation density and immune complement activation on artificial surfaces. Biosens Bioelectron 2005 21 79-86. 

In this study the AFM colloidal probe technique was used to investigate the forces between cellulose beads in aqueous solutions of simple electrolyte and xylan. Particular attention was paid to the behaviour of the cellulose beads. The adsorption kinetics and characteristics of adsorbed xylan on cellulose was studied with a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). 

Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring... 

Alf, M. E., Hatton, T. A., Gleason, K. K. (2011a). Insights into thin, thermally responsive polymer layers through quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation. Langmuir, 27, 10691-10698. 

Reviakine, F. F. Rossetti, A. N. Morozov, and M. Textor, Investigating the properties of supported vesicular layers on titanium dioxide by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation measurements, J. Chem. Phys., 122, 204711 (2005). 

Abudu, A Goual, L. (2009). Adsorption of Crude Oil on Surfaces Using Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (QCM-D) under Flow Conditions. Energy Fuels, Vol.23, No.3, pp. 1237-1248... 

Quartz, since it is a piezoelectric and not a ferroelectric, has no hysteresis loss when it oscillates, thus quartz crystal oscillators are widely used as frequency control devices in radios, computers, and watches. Since the frequency is a function of the mass of the crystal, they can serve as deposition monitors (quartz crystal microbalances) with sensitivities of less than 1 ng. By functionalizing the surface to absorb specific gases, they can also act as chemical sensors. The temperature sensitivity of a quartz crystal oscillator can be minimized by choosing the cut of the crystal relative to the optical axis, which is necessary for its use as a frequency standard. On the other hand, a cut can be chosen to maximize the frequency dependence on temperature and quartz crystal thermometers with millikelvin resolution are available. 

Iturri Ramos, J.J., Stahl, S., Richter, R.P., Moya, S . Water content and buildup of poly(diallyl-dimethylammonium chloride)/poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride)/poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) polyelectrolyte multilayers studied by an in situ combination of a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring and spectroscopic ellipsometry. Macromolecules 43,9063-9070 (2010)... 

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