Liquid loading

FIG. 14-35 Transition from frotb to spray regime for boles of various diameters. Values on curves are liquid loadings, mV(b m weir length). To convert cubic meters per bour-meter to cubic feet per bour-foot, multiply by 10.764 to convert (meters per second) (Idlograms per cubic meterto (feet per second) (pounds per cubic foot) , multiply by 0.8197 and to convert millimeters to inches, multiply by 0.0394. [Loon, Finczewski, and Fell, Trans. Inst. Gbem. Eng., 5i, 374 (1,973).]... 

FIG. 14-116 Experimental results showing effect of gas velocity and liquid load on entrainment from (a) vertical tube hanks with horizontal gas flow and (b) horizontal tnhe hanks with upflow. To convert meters per second to feet per second, multiply hy 3.281. (Calvert, Yung, and Leung, NTIS Publ PB-24S050. )... 

Modeling and Simulation subsection.) It is necessary to determine both the mechanism and kernels which describe growth. For fine powders within the noninertial regime of growth, all collisions result in successful coalescence provided binder is present. Coalescence occurs via a random, size-independent kernel which is only a func tion of liquid loading, or... 

Sfo is the Stokes number based on initial nuclei diameter do [Adetayo et al.. Powder Tech., 82, 37 (1995)]. Extent (/cf), depends logarithmically on binder viscosity and inversely on agitation velocity. Maximum granule size depends hnearly on these variables. Also, (/cf ), has been observed to depend hnearly on liquid loading y. Therefore, the maximum granule size depends exponentially on liquid loading. Fig. 20-73 illustrates this normahzation of extent (/cf), for the drum granulation of hmestone and fertilizers. 

Decrease particle density Increase liquid loading... 

Inlet liquid loading is greater than 20 wt % based on gas flow rate. 

The Souders-Brown correlation considers entrainment as the controlling factor. For high liquid loading situations and final design, complete tray hydraulic calculations are required. 

Using and GPM (column liquid loading in gallons per minute), obtain approximate tower diameter for calculating flow path length. Use... 

ADM = Minimum downcomer area, fT ATM = Minimum column cross-sectional area, fr CAF = Vapor capacity factor CAFo = Flood capacity factor at zero liquid load CFS = Vapor rate, actual ftVsec DT = Tower diameter, ft DTA = Approximate tower diameter, ft FF == Flood factor or design percent of flood, fractional FPL = Tray flow path length, in. 

GPM = Column liquid loading, gal/min NP = Tray number of flow paths or passes TS = Tray spacing, in. 

Table 6 show s maximum liquid loading rates per fr of column diameter. Minimum liquid rate runs 0.5 to 2gpm/ft ... 

Reflux drums are usually horizontal because the liquid load is important. 

GPM = Column liquid loading, gal/min Hj,. = Downcomer backup, inches of liquid hi = Condensing side film coefficient, Btu/hrft °F H,(j = Head loss under downcomer, inches of liquid H v = Weir height, ins. 

The single contingency which results in the largest vapor load regardless of any associated liquid load, is used to determine the maximum required vapor space C-F, and a high level alarm is placed at point C. 

Liquid loads are considered from all safety valves that discharge as a result of a single contingency, plus in each case an allowance for knockout drum liquids (fuel gas knockout drums, absorber overhead knockout drums, and compressor suction and interstage knockout drums) equal to the inventory of all drums which discharge to the blowdown drum, at their LHA point. 

The correlation factor, k, is a function of the liquid drop size, liquid viscosity, liquid load, disengaging space, type of mesh weave, etc. k varies somew hat with system pressure as pressure increases the k value decreases. The manufacturers should be consulted for final design k valves for a sys-... 

To allow for surges, variations in liquid load and peculiarities in liquid particle size and physical properties, use ... 

Figure 4-21. Typical wire mesh mist eliminator pressure drop curves for one style of mesh at three different liquid loadings. Others follow similar pressure drop patterns. By permission, Otto H. York Co., Inc.

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