Qualified explosive

Today, an alternative method that is generally preferred, following extensive research and development in Switzerland, is the 20-L sphere test with a 10,000-J chemical igniter [11,14] (Figure 56.7b). Methods of qualifying explosion severity in the vessel have been described [22] and widely accepted in Europe [23]. 

Qualified explosives are A E items that possess properties judged to make it safe and suitable, primarily from a safety point of view, for consideration of use in a particular role. The materials/item has been approved for use in munitions development, product improvement, or other programs leading to eventual service application. 

R. J. Spear and V. Nanut, yi Comparative yissessment ofU.S. and U.K Explosives Qualified as Replacements fior Petryl, MRL-R-1094, Materials Research Lab., Austraha, 1987. 

In addition, responses to releases of hazardous substances where there is no potential health or safety hazard (i.e., fire, explosion, or chemical exposure) are not considered to be emergency responses. Keep in mind that qualified personnel who are trained to clean up incidental... 

Lapp, K. and Werneburg, H. 1999. Detonation Flame Arrester Qualifying Application parameters for explosion Protection m Vapour Handling Systems./. Can. Petrol. TechuoL, Special Edition 1949-1999, Paper 94-58. 

In 1854, the Manchester Steam Users Association was formed to help with the prevention of explosions in steam boilers and to find efficient methods in their use. To achieve this, the Association employed the first boiler inspectors, whose services were then made available to the Association s members. Within a short space of time, the members became convinced that insurance to cover the high cost of repair or replacement of damaged boilers was desirable, and this resulted in the first boiler insurance company (The Steam Boiler Assurance Company) being formed in 1858. The scope of the services for inspection and insurance later extended to include pressure vessels, steam engines, cranes, lifts and electrical plant, the insurance protection in each case being supported by an inspection service carried out by qualified engineer surveyors. 

Allies with 40 percent of their explosives during World War I, and, by the 1920s, the company controlled one of the world s biggest industrial empires. Du Pont family members were celebrities who lived like royalty in magnificent palaces. With noblesse oblige, they renovated 100 Delaware schools, paid old-age pensions to all qualified Delaware residents, and built a highway for the state. 

That whole period is still very fuzzy to me. It s hard to remember what happened before the explosion and what happened after. I had such pain in my head and such hopelessness, and that sinking feeling, that I didn t want to go on at one point. How much of my emotional state was related to the trauma at work and how much was part of the chemical sensitivity I don t think anybody s qualified to answer that. 

Arrange qualified outside contractors for periodic testing and emergency maintenance of specialized fire and explosion protective systems. 

To protect against the explosion and fire hazard, a plant manager should (a) have qualified plant personnel field monitor for explosive atmospheres and flammable vapors, (b) keep all potential ignition sources away from an explosive or flammable environment, (c) use nonsparking, explosion-proof equipment, and (d) follow safe practices when performing any task that might result in the agitation or release of chemicals. 

The effect on detonation transfer of the parameters shown in Fig Ex22 were reviewed for the donor and acceptor expls RDX, HNS-1 (2,4,6,2/,4/,6/-Hexanitrostilbene of 3 microns particle size) HNS-11 (Same as HNS-1, except of 200-300 microns particle size), DATB (1,3-Diamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene), and TATB (1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene) with a wide cross-section of sensitivities. Eash of these parameters has been individually qualified and explained on both the theoretical level and the impact on practical hardware design. The experimental study is described in Ref 2 Refs 1) M.L.Schimmel, "Quantitative Understanding of Explosive Stimulus Transfer... 

The destruction of scarce, critical, or one-of-a-kind equipment in or near a process unit could create many days of downtime, even with minimal fire or explosion damage. This potential for high losses due to business interruption might qualify such equipment as a pertinent process unit for evaluation. 

Caution HCN is a highly toxic, volatile liquid (bp 27 °C) that is also susceptible to explosive polymerization in the presence of base catalysts. It should be handled only in a well-ventilated fume hood and by teams of at least two technically qualified persons who have received appropriate medical training for treating HCN poisoning. Sensible precautions include having available proper first aid equipment and HCN monitors. Uninhibited HCN should be stored at a temperature below its melting point (-13 °C). Excess HCN maybe disposed by addition to aqueous sodium hypochlorite, which converts the cyanide to cyanate. 

Stereochemistry continues to be a highly viable and prolific subject. Nonetheless, in 1993 the editors reluctantly decided to retire after publication of Volume 21, in part because for some time prior they had been fully occupied with the publication of Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds (Wiley, 1994). Sadly, my close friend, able coauthor and coeditor, and valued colleague Sam Wilen died soon thereafter. In as much as the explosive development in stereochemistry is continuing, I am delighted that Scott Denmark, who is eminently qualified for the task, has taken over editorship of the series with Volume 22.1 am particularly pleased to see a chapter by my fellow stereochemist Kurt Mislow in this volume, since Kurt helped us launch the series in 1967 by agreeing to be an editorial advisor and by coauthoring a seminal chapter on stereochemical relationships (heterotopicity) for... 

DODCA. 1987. A comparative assessment of U.S. and U.K. explosives qualified as replacements for tetryl. Report MRL-R-1094. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Department of Defence of the Commonwealth of Australia, Defence Science and Technology Organization, Materials Research Laboratories. Document no. AD A191928. 

An assessment for certification can be performed on the basis of simulations only, due to the complexity of the relations pointed out above. The software developed for it enables qualified statements concerning the power distribution on cables including bus connections. Here, concerns of explosion protection are taken into account. The aim of these investigations is a statement valid in general for the intrinsic safety at different bus configurations. 

To clarify things neither type tests and verifications nor routine tests are the point of this chapter, but inspection and maintenance procedures after installation and before or during service. These procedures shall be done -and this is a general rule - by qualified personnel, who are experienced in the various types of explosion protection, installation practices and rules and the principles of area classification. 

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