Pyrotechnics derivation

Liu, D.-Y., D. Rutherford, M. Kinsey, and K. A. Prather, Real-Time Monitoring of Pyrotechnically Derived Aerosol Particles in the Troposphere, Anal. Chem., 69, 3808-3834 (1997). 

Liu,D.Y. Rutherford,D. Kinsey,M. Prather,K.A. Real-time monitoring of pyrotechnically derived aerosol particles in the troposphere. Anal Chem. 1997, 69, 1808-1814. 

Other typical pyrotechnic fuels include charcoal, sulfur, boron, siUcon, and synthetic polymers such as poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(vinyl chloride). Extensive use has been made of natural products such as starches and gums, and the use of these materials continues to be substantial in the fireworks industry. MiUtary pyrotechnics have moved away from the use of natural products due to the inherent variabiUty in these materials depending on climatic conditions during the growth of the plants from which the compounds are derived. 

L. Minxiu and L. Hengyuan, A Study of Synthesis and Thermal Stabilities of 2,4,6-Trinitropyridine and its Derivatives , in Proc. International Symposium on Pyrotechnics and Explosives, China Academic Publishers, Beijing, China, 214—218 (1987). 

Chavez and Hiskey continued their research on 1,2,4,5-tetrazine-based explosives and synthesized a number of derivatives which are considered interesting as propellant or smoke-free pyrotechnic ingredients because of their low carbon content, high heat of formation and a density of-1.61 g cm4. One such compound is 3,6-dihydrazino-l,2,4,5-tetrazine which appears to be an important energetic fuel [275, 276]. 

The name pyrotechnic is derived from the Greek words pyr (fire) and techne (an art), which describes the effect observed from a burning pyrotechnic composition. These effects include the production of coloured smoke, noise, and the emission of bright-coloured light. Pyrotech-... 

Certain pyrotechnic compositions when compressed and burnt in an open-ended tube will whistle. These compositions usually contain aromatic acids or their derivatives, potassium derivatives of benzoic acid... 

Individual amines and their nitrated derivs used in expl, propellent and pyrotechnic compns are described separately under their own names, such as cyclonite, nitroguanidine, tetryl, etc... 

Fuels - [ALCOHOL FUELS] (Vol 1) - [COALCONVERSIONPROCESSES - LIQUEFACTION] (Vol 6) - [ALCOHOLS,HIGHERALIPHATIC - SURVEY AND NATURALALCOHOLSMANUFACTURE] (Voll) -H202 as oxidant [HYDPOGEN PEROXIDE] (Vol 13) -hydrazine as [HYDRAZINE AND ITS DERIVATIVES] (Vol 13) -hydrothermal oxidation of [SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS] (Vol 23) -ignition m hot air streams [ACETALDEHYDE] (Voll) -for ironmaking [IRON] (Vol 14) -m pyrotechnics [PYROTECHNICS] (Vol 20) -thorium, uranium, and plutonium as [ACTINIDES AND TRANSACTINIDES] (Vol 1)... 

Charcoal, A black amorphous substance a form of carbon derived from the incomplete combustion of animal or vegetable matter (Ref 2). When a pure form of charcoal is desired, it is derived from sugar. Its method of prepn by calcination of sugar heated to ca 800° is described in Ref 3 This method is considered superior to the treatment of sugar with coned HjSO. Toxicity, fire Sc expl hazards of charcoal are discussed in Ref.4 Charcoal is used in various chem processes, as a decolorizing Sc filtering medium, as absorbent, in pharmaceutical prepns Sc plastics and as a component of propellants, BkPdr, pyrotechnics Sc of other expls(Refs 1 5). Charcoals used by the US Armed Forces must comply with die applicable specifications (Ref 6)... 

The use of antimony sulfide, Sb2S3, designated in the early writings simply as antimony, along with the saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal, which were the standard ingredients of all pyrotechnic compositions, appears to have been introduced in the early part of the seventeenth century. John Bate s Book of Fireworks, 1635, containing information derived from the noted Professors, as Mr. Malthus, Mr. Norton, and the French Authour, Des Recreations Mathematiques, 2 mentions no mixtures which contain antimony. Typical of his mixtures are the following. 

Arsenic compds have been used in some pyrotechnic compns (see Arsenic Disulfide and Arsenic Trisulfide described under Sulfides) and as chemical warfare agents (see Arsenic Tribromide described under Bromides, Arsenic Trichloride described under Chloride and Arsine and Derivatives listed under Arsine)... 

Chromites. Salts of general formula MCrC, where M is a monovalent metal. They may be regarded as metachromites derived from hypothetical metachromous acid, HCrC>2, which is known only in solns or in the form of its oxide, C Oj. The most common chromites, NaCiC and KCrOj, can be obtained by the action of chromic oxide, CrjO on Na or K hydroxide (Ref 1, pl97). Although these and other chromites are oxidizers, they do not contain as much oxygen per unit wt as do chromates or dichromates There is no open literature info at our disposal that chlorites have been used in expls, propints, or pyrotechnic compns... 

Specialty Chemical Products Cellulose Derivatives Organic Chemicals Plastics Films Pyrotechnic Devices Industrial Products... 

What is refered to here are small, pyrotechnic, electrical devices with varying charges and containing several milligrams of a compound consisting of -> Lead Azide, -> Lead Styphnate, -> Diazodinitrophenol and Tetrazole Derivatives. 

The further new nitroethyl compounds based on boron esters are tris-(2-nitro-ethyl) borate and tris-(2,2,2-trinitroethyl) borate. Especially the trinitroethyl derivative is a suitable candidate for high energy density oxidizers and for smoke-free, green coloring agents in pyrotechnic compositions. Tris-(2-nitroethyl) borate and tris-(2,2,2-trinitroethyl) borate can be obtained from boron oxide with 2-nitroetha-nol and 2,2,2-trinitroethanol, respectively ... 

Nitrogen-rich hetarenes have been evaluated favorably as energy-rich materials useful as explosives, rocket propellants and in pyrotechnics (08CHEC3-739). Most nitro derivatives or perchlorates have drawbacks for such uses, except perhaps for octanitrocubane. However, the aromatic... 

The triazole (346) can be used to stabilize plastics (73JAP7308667). The reaction of tributyl lead hydroxide and aminotriazole affords (347) which has been recommended as an antiwear component of lubricating oils (68FRP1525268). Diazonium compounds detonate, although they are safer to handle than comparable derivatives of tetrazole. Polyfluorotriazolines (67USP3326889) are oxidants their suitability as bleaching agents, for rocket fuels and constituents of pyrotechnic compositions has been claimed. 

This recently produced subnsnce forms another vsh uable addition to the pyrotechnics art. Containing even more oxygen than the chlorate it is less liable to decomposition due to the laclt that it is a salt of perchloric acid which is a much more Aable acid than chloric from which the chlorate is derived. It can be aubAttuted for the chlorate in most mixings and can be safely used in connection with sulphur. 

Ammonium picrate is a nitro hydrocarbon derivative. It is composed of yellow crystals with not less than 10% water by mass. Ammonium picrate is highly explosive when dry and a flammable solid when wet, and is slightly soluble in water. The four-digit UN identification number for ammonium picrate with not less than 10% water is 1310. The primary uses are in pyrotechnics and explosives. The structure and molecular formula are shown in Figure 6.4. 

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