Pulmonary neuroendocrine cell

The gradual decline of the concentration of pulmonary neuroendocrine cell immunoreactive calcitonin in newborn hamster lung cells cultured over 4 weeks was prevented when the medium was supplemented with nicotine for 3 weeks (Nylen et al. 1993). 

Pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia may result after carcinogen treatment in hamsters given supranormal oxygen (Sunday et al. 1994). 

CDlO/neutral endopeptidase inhibition augmented pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia in hamsters treated with diethylnitrosamine and hyperoxia (Willett et al. 1999). 

Aguayo SM, Miller YE, Waldron JA, et al. Brief report idiopathic diffuse hyperplasia of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells and airways disease. N Engl J Med 1992 327 1285. 

Davies SJ, Gosney JR, Hansell DM, et al. Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia an under-recognised spectrum of disease. Thorax. 2007 62 248-252. 

Cohen AJ, King TE, Gilman LB, et al. High expression of neutral endopeptidase in idiopathic diffuse hyperplasia of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998 158 1593-1599. 

Aguayo SM, King TE Jr., Waldron JA Jr., et al. Increased pulmonary neuroendocrine cells with bombesin-like immunoreactivity in adult patients with eosinophilic granuloma. J CUn Invest 1990 86(3) 838 44. 

Johnson DE, Georgieff MK. Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells their secretory products and their potential roles in health and chronic lung disease in infancy. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989 140 1807-1812. 

The various morphological aspects of pulmonary neuroendocrine cell (PNEC) system, comprised of solitary cells and innervated cell clusters, NEB have been subject of several recent reviews (12-15). This section will focus on morphological features of NEB indicative of their chemoreceptor nature and their potential role as airway O2 sensors. 

Cutz E, Yeger H, Wong W, Bienkowski E, Chan W. In vitro characteristics of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells from rabbit fetal lung. I. Effects of culture media and nerve growth factor. Lab Invest 1985 53 672-683. 

Ito T, Nogawa H, Udaka N, Kitamura H, Kanisawa M. Development of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells of fetal hamster in explant culture. Lab Invest 1997 77 449-457. 

Perrin DG, MacDonald TJ, Cutz E. Hyperplasia of bombesin-immimoreactive pulmonary neuroendocrine cells and neuroepithelial bodies in sudden infant death... 

Aguayo SM. Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells in tobacco-related lung disorders. Anat Rec 1993 236 122-127. 

Nylen ES, Becker KL, Snider RH, Tabassian AR, Cassidy MM, Linnoila I. Cholinergic-nicotinic control of growth and secretion of cultured pulmonary neuroendocrine cells. Anat Rec 1993 236 129-135. 

Poorly differentiated endocrine neoplasms, depending on the site of origin, may produce characteristic peptide hormones. The group of poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumors and their hormone production include islet cell tumors (insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, gastrin), pulmonary small cell carcinoma (bombesin in 45% of cases), and medullary thyroid carcinoma (calcitonin). 

These three neuroendocrine tumors of the larynx all display positivity for typical neuroendocrine markers such as chromogranin, synaptophysin, and neuron-specific enolase. They may also be positive for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) or epithelial membrane antigen (EMA). Atypical carcinoid and SCNEC can also express other neuroendocrine markers such as serotonin, calcitonin, and somatostatin. TTE-1 is probably not a useful marker to distinguish metastatic pulmonary small cell carcinoma from primary tumors in the head and neck because up to 50% of extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas are positive for TTR-l.i 8... 

FIGURE 12.32 This basaloid carcinoma of lung is composed of undifferentiated, relatively small cells and often resembles primary pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas. X 200. 

Endocrine-like cells with biochemical characteristics of Amine Precursor Uptake and Decaboxylase (APUD) were quantified in the tracheal, bronchial, and bronchiolar epithelia of the guinea pig by four histochemical stains Grimelius, en-block silver, lead-haematoxylin-en block silver and periodic acid-Schiff-lead haematoxylin (Marchevsky et al. 1983). There were significant differences between the number of epithelial cells in the various locales of the respiratory tree 318 5.63 epithelial cells/ mm in the trachea, 263 17.11 epithelial cells/mm in the bronchi and 193 4.21 epithelial cells/mm in the bronchioles. Boers et al. (1996) did not find any difference in the number of neuroendocrine cells between large (airway diameter >4.5 mm) and small (airway diameter <1.2 mm) conducting airways in 9 human subjects without pulmonary disease out of 250 autopsy cases. 

Kaufmann O, Dietel M. Expression of thyroid transcription factor-1 in pulmonary and extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas and other neuroendocrine carcinomas of various primary sites. Histopathology. 2000 36 415-420. 

Microscopically, small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas are identical to their pulmonary counterparts and, as such, are composed primarily of round to short spindle cells with sparse, poorly defined cytoplasm and hyperchromatic nuclei without nucleoli. Nuclear molding, frequent mitoses, necrosis, and single-cell apoptosis are common. 

Trophoblastic expression was evaluated for hCG and its derivatives, leutenizing hormone (EH, LH 3), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH, FSH 3), placental lactogen (PL), and growth hormone (GH-227) in 40 neuroendocrine lung neoplasms, 29 primary pulmonary adenocarcinomas, 20 squamous cell carcinomas, and 1 adenosquamous carcinoma.Trophoblastic hormone immunoreactivity was found in 28 of 90 (31%) of all lung carcinomas but primarily in typical carcinoids. 

Wick MR, Berg LC, Hertz ML Large cell carcinoma of the lung with neuroendocrine differentiation A comparison with large cell undifferentiated pulmonary tumors. Am J Clin Pathol. 1992 97 796-805. 

Beasley MB, Castro CY, Garza L, et al. Expression of HIF-1 alpha in pulmonary non-small cell carcinomas and neuroendocrine carcinomas—a tissue microarray analysis of 442 cases. Mod Pathol. 2008 21 336A. 

Extrapolating data from the cervical and pulmonary literature, assorted case reports, and reviews,it appears that small cell and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas involving endometrium would express chromogranin, synaptophysin, neuron-specific enolase, and CD56 in a significant number of cases. The extent to which these endometrial neuroendocrine carcinomas can express TTF-1 and pi6 has not been studied extensively.It should be noted, however, that... 

Pulmonary cancer Neuroendocrine tumour (i.e. carcinoids) Hepatocellular and cholangiocellular cancer tissue tumour Renal cell cancer Osseous cancer... 

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