Public infrastructur

Available public infrastructures with low maintenance and simple private infrastructures. 

The traditional security model can neither ensure confidentiality of sensitive healthcare information and protection of personal privacy nor conform to the governing legislation (e.g., HIPAA in United States, PIPEDA and FIPPA in Canada, EU Privacy Directive in the European countries) when healthcare services are offered through a public infrastructure such as the Internet. Obviously the security policy for an IT system will remain as only part of the traditional big picture, which includes physical security (e.g., locks for buildings, badge access to secure rooms), logical security (e.g., passwords for computers or networks, smartcards), and operational policies and procedures... 

The potential for computer attack against an automated system or conflicts between poorly coordinated operations arises from allowing connection to remote machines. An attack can be resisted by operating the system on an independent network with no possible connection from unauthorized parties. Use of public infrastructure, such as public voice or data networks is more cost-effective, but open to mischievous or malicious attack. 

The impact of corrosion on everyday life is a major issue, given that corrosion and materials reliability affects public infrastructure, industrial complexes, and major areas of governmental endeavor and responsibility. The deleterious effects of corrosion and its societal impact are highlighted by growing concerns about public safety, endangerment of personnel, national security, energy security, national de-... 

Labor-intensive public works programs have two main objectives first, to provide a source of income to poor workers, and second, to construct or rehabilitate public infrastructure. In the safety net literature, the shorthand term public works is often used for such programs.Sometimes the term workfare is used, although some reserve that term for programs that are more closely linked to labor activation programs that provide job search, training, or apprenticeships than the sort of heavy construction labor that is the traditional mainstay of labor-intensive public works. For a list of workfare programs, see table B.4 in appendix B. 

Ex post interventions can be divided into three categories. In the immediate after-math of the disaster, search and recovery operations and humanitarian assistance may be needed, especially for rapid-onset events such as earthquakes or typhoons. This kind of specialized assistance is beyond the scope of this book. In the medium term, households will require support to prevent the further loss of assets and to allow them to start reinvesting in their livelihoods. Safety nets of the sort discussed in this book can play a role here. The longer-term response will focus on reconstructing public infrastructure and services. 

Heavy engineered construction Included here are projects where the owner is typically a government entity and the publicly-financed structures, facilities, or systems are major public infrastructure elements. Examples are highways, bridges, tunnels, airports, ports, harbors, dams, flood control works, water and wastewater systems, and storm water management systems. This construction... 

Variable Age and infectious diseases Plus public infrastructure ... 

Studies emphasizing the importance of investments in public infrastructure related to health include Preston and van de Walle (1978), McKeown (1976), Cutler and Miller (2004), Cain and Rotella (2001), Meeker (1972, 1976), Brown (1989a, 1989b), van Poppel and van der Heijden (1997), and Szreter (1988, 1997). 

The Chinese construction industry is one of the largest and fastest expanding construction markets in the world. China s construction market is forecast to grow at a rate of 15-30% over the next five years and by 2010 the market is expected to be worth US 1.7 trillion (TACO, 2002) It is vital for China, especially for the development of public infrastructure. In 2004-2005, the total production of the construction industry reached RMB 3455.2 billion (US 417.3 billion), contributing 7% to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (NBSC, 2006). The industry achieved a rapid increase of 19.1% from the previous year s RMB 2902.1 billion. 

Lifelines and critical facilities are essential public infrastructures and networks that support citizen s life, economy, and industry. Experience from past earthquakes reveals that their components are quite vulnerable and the induced damages can have high impact in the emergency response as well as serious economic and health consequences. Losses can be even higher because of the extensive interdependencies between utility networks and infrastructures. Therefore, high priority should be given to secure safety of lifeline facilities against earthquakes and reduce the overall impact. 

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