Protein leakage

Ultrafiltration Simple, rapid, 96-well format. Adsorption issues, protein leakage. [24-27]... 

Matsubara, T., Moskowitz, M.A., Huang, Z., 1992. UK-14,304, R(-)-a-methyI-histamine and SMS 201-995 block plasma protein leakage within dura mater by prejunctional mechanisms. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 224, 145-150. 

Capillary endothelial cells comprise 30-42% of cells in the alveolar region and comprise the walls of the extensive network of blood capillaries in the lung parenchyma. The endothelium forms a continuous, attenuated cell layer that transports respiratory gases, water, and solutes. However, it also forms a barrier to the leakage of excess water and macromolecules into the pulmonary interstitial space. Pulmonary endothelial cells, like type I cells, are vulnerable to injury from inhaled substances and substances in the systemic circulation. Injury to the endothelium results in fluid and protein leakage into the pulmonary interstitium and alveolar spaces, resulting in pulmonary edema. 

The mechanisms involved in causing a massive protein leakage into the gastric lumen, in addition to gastric bleeding, are as follows (G42) ... 

In 3 cases of Barta and Tichy (B3) with protein leakage into the gastric juice, serum proteins were identified by the Ouchterlony method. Hollander and Horowitz (H13), using this diffusion technique in canine gastric juice, demonstrated presence of serum albumin in canine gastric juice. 

Saria, A., Lundberg, J.M., Skofitsch, G. and Lembeck, F. (1983). Vascular protein leakage in various tissues induced by substance P, capsaicin, bradykinin, serotonin, histamine and by antigen challenge. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Arch. Pharmacol. 324, 212-218. 

Locally generated chemotactic fector inhibitors could inactivate neutrophil chemotactic factors. Agents with the capacity to inactive C5a activity in vitro have been isolated in plasma (Berenberg and Ward, 1973), but these feaors have not been characterized and quantified at inflamed sites, and a plasma-derived inactivator is unlikely to account for cessation of neutrophil emigration in situations where extravascular protein leakage is minimal or absent. 

Neutral red dye penetration Protein leakage, colorimetric assay Coomassi Blue or Kenacid Blue for cell proliferation protein synthesis... 

Rhodes RH. 1991. Evidence of serum-protein leakage across the blood-brain barrier in the acquired immunodeficiency... 

Ultrafiltration. The second method is an ultrafiltration procedure for FT4 determination in serum that is significantly less time-consmning than dialysis. " In this method, the serum specimen is adjusted to pH 7.4, incubated for 20 minutes at 37 °C (to achieve equilibrium of the binding at this temperature), and then appfied to an ultrafiltration device for centrifugation for 30 minutes at 37 °C and 2000 Xg (using a fixed-angle rotor). Subsequently the ultrafiltrate is analyzed for T4. Variable protein leakage in ultrafiltration devices continues to hamper commercialization of this method. 

The microcirculation is affected by sepsis-induced inflam-mation. The arterioles become less responsive to either vasoconstrictors or vasodilators. The capillaries are less perfused, and there is neutrophil infiltration and protein leakage into the venules. Pulmonary dysfunction may result from the destructive mechanisms of neutrophils that are attracted to lung tissue through the action mainly oflL-8. 

Many of the features observed in poisoning can be explained by ricin-induced endothelial cell damage, with fluid and protein leakage and tissue oedema, causing a so-called vascular leak syndrome . Disseminated intravascular coagulation has been observed in experimental animals following intravenous ricin administration and this is also likely to reflect endothelial cell damage. 

Wahlman, J., Hirst, M., Roberts, J.E., and Trevithick, J.R. (2003) Focal length variability and protein leakage as tools for measuring photooxidative damage to the lens, Photochem. Photobiol., 78, 88-92. 

The non-specific adsorption of proteins on carbon nanotubes is an interesting phenomenon but represents a relatively less controllable mode of protein-CNT interaction. Moreover, in non-covalent immobilization process, the immobilized protein is in equilibrium between the surface of the carbon nanotubes and the solution and can therefore be gradually detached from the nano-material surface, a phenomenon called protein leakage [127]. To prevent the leaching of enzymes, covalent bonds have been used to attach the enzyme molecules to the nanostructured materials, which lead to more robust and predictable conjugation. Experimental evidences prove that proteins can be immobilized either in their hollow cavity or on the surface of carbon nanotubes [130]. 

A different mechanism of how mediators can promote protein leakage has been suggested for histamine. Miller and Sims and Meyrick and Brigham demonstrated contraction of the endothelium by histamine. Whether lipid mediators act via this direct contractile mechanism is unknown. Although... 

Intratracheal instillation of crocidolite asbestos fibres resulted in an increased iNOS mRNA and protein expression in the lungs from wild-type mice (Dorger et al. 2002). In contrast, iNOS knockout mice displayed an attenuated oxidant-related tissue injury reflected in a decrease in protein leakage and lactate dehydrogenase release into the alveolar space as well as weaker nitrotyrosine staining of lung tissue compared to wild-type mice. 

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