Protein in grain

Infrared spectra of fats and oils are similar regardless of their composition. The principal absorption seen is the carbonyl stretching peak which is virtually identical for all triglyceride oils. The most common appHcation of infrared spectroscopy is the determination of trans fatty acids occurring in a partially hydrogenated fat (58,59). Absorption at 965 - 975 cm is unique to the trans functionaHty. Near infrared spectroscopy has been utilized for simultaneous quantitation of fat, protein, and moisture in grain samples (60). The technique has also been reported to be useful for instmmental determination of iodine value (61). 

In 2002, Ventria Bioscience published two papers describing the expression of human proteins in rice grains [74,75]. Lysozyme was expressed under the control of the glutelin 1 promoter, leader and signal peptide, and an expression level of 0.6% dry weight (equivalent to 45% of soluble proteins) was achieved [74]. As was the case for... 

Wheat is the major source grain for bakery ingredients. The cultivation of wheat is the basis of western civilisation. Botanically wheat is a member of the grass family (Grammacidae). Bread making depends on the proteins in wheat. 

This chapter reviewed current research pertaining to selected environmental agents and autoimmune diseases (Table 25.3). Other infectious agents (e.g., parvovirus, varicella), occupational exposures (e.g., mercury), dietary factors (dietary supplements, nutrients such as antioxidants, and specific proteins in wheat and other grains implicated in celiac disease), and stress have been the focus of additional research that was not included in this review. 

A titrimetric method that has been used for many years for the determination of nitrogen or protein in a sample is the Kjeldahl method. Examples of samples include grain, protein supplements for animal feed, fertilizers, and food products. It is a method that often makes use of the back titration concept mentioned above. We will now describe this technique in detail. 

The biochemistry and taxonomy of cereals is relevant to their potential differential toxicity. The proteins in the cereal grains known as "gluten activate celiac disease. Gluten is a complex mixture of hundreds of related but distinct proteins. The grains considered capable of producing adverse effects in individuals with celiac disease include different species of wheat (e.g., durum, spelt, kamut), barley, rye, and their cross-bred hybrids (e.g., triticale, which is a cross between wheat and rye) (Ciclitira et ah, 2005 Cornell et ah, 2002 Dewar et ah, 2006 Howdle, 2006 Koning, 2008 Lester, 2008 Moron et ah, 2008 Thompson, 2000, 2001 Troncone et al., 2008a Vader et ah, 2003 Wieser and Koehler, 2008). 

Figure 7.9. A possible metrological traceability chain for the result of a measurement of protein in a sample of grain. aTris = 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol b Dumas apparatus is calibrated using tris CRM and grain samples are certified in an interlaboratory study cthe master instruments measure grain samples to act as the grower s calibrator for field measurements.

High-performance liquid chromatography of plant proteins is limited mainly to cereal grains, since they have a relatively high protein content compared to other plants, like vegetables and fruits. The proteins in cereals also play an important role in processing. With regard to noncereal... 

The pesticides and industrial chemicals found in child and infant products are given in Exhibit 13. In general, the type and distribution of pesticides and industrial chemicals in child/infant products are somewhat similar to the basic food categories (i.e., dairy, protein, fruit, grain, and vegetable), but their concentrations are significantly different. On average, 45 percent of the child/infant products contain multiple contaminants as well as banned or discontinued pesticides. 

In this presentation the interrelationships of carbohydrates and proteins in cereal grains and fibrous feeds will be discussed and related to selected aspects of processing of these materials. 

Feedstuffs should be produced on the farm or at least in the region. This requirement has particular relevance to regions such as Northern Europe which do not have the climate that allows self-sufficiency in grain and protein needs. A seasonal production pattern may be a necessary outcome of this requirement in some regions. 

The calculated analyses of the mixtures above cannot be guaranteed, due to ingredient variability. Producers using such formulas should have the diets analysed to ensure acceptability. In order to ensure maximal utilization of the nutrients contained in grains and protein feedstuffs it is desirable that an appropriate mixture of enzymes be included in diets, according to the directions of the supplier. 

Yu et al.13,65 reported two EUR imaging studies of plant tissue in grain barley that employed a synchrotron light source. In the first study, this group demonstrated the capability of this technique to spatially resolve the chemical composition in plant tissue. In the second study, spectral bands for protein, lipid, lignin, total... 

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