Protein hydrolyzate

Protein feedstock Protein hydrolyzates Protein kinase... 

The proteins in food supplements are often hydrolyzed to short peptides to make them easier to absorb. A high content of amino acids is deleterious, however. Thus, there is ongoing interest in determining the size distribution of peptides in protein hydrolyzates. Silvestre et al. (29,30) used a PolyHEA column to compare casein hydrolyzates prepared through various methods. They were able to assess the content of the smallest peptides, as well as amino acids (Fig. 8.13). 

Nitrogen sources include proteins, such as casein, zein, lactalbumin protein hydrolyzates such proteoses, peptones, peptides, and commercially available materials, such as N-Z Amine which is understood to be a casein hydrolyzate also corn steep liquor, soybean meal, gluten, cottonseed meal, fish meal, meat extracts, stick liquor, liver cake, yeast extracts and distillers solubles amino acids, urea, ammonium and nitrate salts. Such inorganic elements as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium and chlorides, sulfates, phosphates and combinations of these anions and cations in the form of mineral salts may be advantageously used in the fermentation. 

The isotope dilution principle, first employed by Hevesy and Hobbie (133) in 1932 for the determination of lead in ores, was applied by Schoenheimer et al. (241) to the determination of amino acids. [Shemin and Foster (248) have reviewed this topic.] An N15-amino acid derivative was added to a protein hydrolyzate, a sample of the amino acid to be determined was isolated and purified, the excess N15 in this product was estimated with the mass spectrograph, and the grams of amino acid originally present were calculated from Equation 2. 

FIG. 7 Skin irritation according to the human patch test of alkyl ether carboxylic acids compared to other mild cosurfactants. CFTA-names 1, cocamidopropylbetaine 2, sodium PEG-6 cocamide carboxylate 3, sodium laureth-11 carboxylate 4, cocoamphocarboxypropionate 5, protein hydrolyzate 6, disodium laureth-3 sulfo-succinate SLES, sodium laureth sulfate. (From Ref. 68.)... 

BisHov s J, MASUOKA Y and KAPSALis J G (1977) Antioxidant effect of spices, herbs and protein Hydrolyzates in freeze-dried model systems Synergistic action with synthetic phenolic antioxidants, J Foot/ Processing Preservation, 1, 153-66. 

Atkin, G. E., and Ferdinand, W., Accelerated amino acid analysis studies on the use of lithium citrate buffers and the effect of //-propanol, in the analysis of physiological fluids and protein hydrolyzates, Anal. Biochem., 38, 313,1970. 

The use of amino acid analysis to characterize protein hydrolyzates is well known, and IEC is an integral part of the commercial amino acid analyzer.61 Determinabon of individual amino acids in physiological fluids such as plasma and cerebrospinal fluid can be important in the etiology of various diseases.62 63 Of particular current interest is the measurement of total... 

Metalloproteinase A family of protein-hydrolyzing endopeptidases that contain zinc ions as part of the active structure. 

There are two possibilities dry feed - e.g., fish meal and liquid feed -e.g., fish silage (protein hydrolyzates) [7]. In this research the utilization of sludge for fish silage production has been investigated. 

Fish silage is usually produced from fish offals (heads, intestines, skin, etc.) or waste fish. The enzymes present in fish viscera decompose these tissues and the liquid protein hydrolyzate is the final product [9-11]. To avoid bacteria growth a pH about 2 is required and a relevant amount of organic or inorganic acid is added, usually it is sulphuric acid. The idea was to supply a certain amount of post-coagulation sludge for silage production [12]. 

Table 4. Substrate Specificity of Yam Tuber Alkaline Proteinase (Activity mg protein hydrolyzed)/10 mg enzyme/2hr).

Fig. 4.12 Structure of protein hydrolyzate fatty acid condensates.

The Use of Protein and Protein Hydrolyzates for Intravenous Alimentation Rolbert Elman... 

The clotting factors are protein molecules. Activation mostly means proteolysis (cleavage of protein fragments) and, with the exception of fibrin, conversion into protein-hydrolyzing enzymes (proteases). Some activated factors require the presence of phospholipids (PL) and Ca + for their proteolytic activity. Conceivably, Ca + ions cause the adhesion of factor to a phospholipid surface, as depicted in C. Phospholipids are contained in platelet factor 3 (PF3), which is released from ag-Lullmann, Color Atlas of Pharmacology 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. 

Kamnerdpetch, C., Weiss, M., Kasper, C., Scheper, T. (2007). An improvement of potato pulp protein hydrolyzation process by the combination of protease enzyme systems. Enzyme Microb. Technol., 40, 508-514. 

Often, treatment of samples with fluorescence labeling agent reacts with primary and secondary amines to give a fluorescent compound. This is especially important for detecting amino acids in protein hydrolyzates. Fluorescence detectors may also be integrated into a high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) system. 

Another major application of the plastein reaction is nutritional improvement of proteins by the incorporation of limiting amino acids (8). A plastein containing approximately 7% methionine was produced from soy protein hydrolyzate and L-methionine ethyl ester in the presence of papain. This material was shown to be utilized as a source of methionine in the rat, producing a PER of 3.38 when incorporated into soy protein diets to give a methionine level of 2.74% of protein. 

Pallavicini et al. (16) utilized a-chymotrypsin immobilized on chitin to catalyze plastein formation from leaf protein hydrolyzates. When analyzed by gel exclusion chromatography, the products were comparable to those produced by soluble enzymes. Modification of Specific Functional Properties... 

Specificities of Commonly Used Protein-Hydrolyzing Enzymes... 

Within the GroEL-GroES cage polypeptide chains can fold without becoming entangled with other proteins or being cleaved by protein-hydrolyzing enzymes... 

Papain is a protein-hydrolyzing (proteolytic) enzyme with an -SH group and an imidazole group at the active site. Write a reasonable structure for a "tetrahedral intermediate" that would be expected to arise during formation of an acyl enzyme intermediate. 

PROTEIN HYDROLYSATE. Solutions of protein hydrolyzed into its constituent amino acids. 

Certain protein hydrolyzates can be used for their antioxidant properties. Thus, a hydroly-zate of egg white slowed oxidation when added to a sample of cookies containing lard (28c). The rise in stability was proportional to the amount of protein hydrolyzate added. Dipeptides were... 

As a result of the enzymatic degradation of proteins, key indexes change, ie, protein solubility indexes (PSI), peptide chain length (PCL), and protein solubility in 0.8 M TCA (TCA-index) (Fig. 14). Unpleasant bitterness was once a problem for some protein hydrolyzates. This problem can now be overcome by proper selection of the reaction parameters and the enzymes used. 

Yamaguchi, N. Yokoo, Y. Fujimaki, M. Studies on antioxidative activities of amino compounds on fats and oils. III. Antioxidative activities of soybean protein hydrolyzates and synergistic effect of hydrolyzate on tocopherol. Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi 1975, 22, 431-5. 

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