Prostate cancer epidemiology

Astorg, P. (2005). Dietary fatty acids and colorectal and prostate cancers epidemiological studies. Bulletin of Cancer, 92(7), 670-84. 

KRISTAL A R (2002) Brassica vegetables and prostate cancer risk A review of the epidemiological evidence . Pharmaceutical Biology, 40 55-8. 

Carotenoids and prostate cancer — Numerous epidemiological studies including prospective cohort and case-control studies have demonstrated the protective roles of lycopene, tomatoes, and tomato-derived products on prostate cancer risk other carotenoids showed no effects. " In two studies based on correlations between plasma levels or dietary intake of various carotenoids and prostate cancer risk, lycopene appeared inversely associated with prostate cancer but no association was reported for a-carotene, P-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, or p-cryptoxanthin. - Nevertheless, a protective role of all these carotenoids (provided by tomatoes, pumpkin, spinach, watermelon, and citrus fruits) against prostate cancer was recently reported by Jian et al. ... 

A number of epidemiologic studies support an association between high fat intake and the risk of prostate cancer. A strong correlation between national per capita fat consumption and national prostate cancer mortality has been reported, and prospective case-control studies suggest that a high-fat diet doubles the risk of prostate cancer. 

Crawford ED. Epidemiology of prostate cancer. Urology 2003 62(6 suppl 1) 3—12. 

Giovannucci, E. 2002. A review of epidemiologic studies of tomatoes, lycopene, and prostate cancer. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 227(10) 852-859. 

Epidemiology studies have also suggested a possible association between acrylonitrile exposure and prostate cancer (Chen et al. 1987 O Berg et al. 1985), but the data are too limited to warrant any firm conclusion. Collins et al. (1989) found no increase in prostate cancer in acrylonitrile-exposed workers, but again the data are too limited to be meaningful. 

Epidemiological and Human Dosimetry Studies. There are studies on the adverse effects of acrylonitrile in humans. These studies link acrylonitrile exposure and lung cancer. It has also been suggested that acrylonitrile may have the potential to cause prostate cancer. Many of the studies have major limitations including insufficient quantification of exposure, short follow-up, small study population, and inadequate evaluation of confounding associations. Additional studies would be useful in clarifying the cancer risk and estimating the exposure levels that lead to these effects. 

Some studies have suggested that ingestion of some fruits and vegetables may potentially reduce risk of prostate cancer (Giovannucci and others 2003 Campbell and others 2004 Stram and others 2006). Several epidemiological studies have reported associations between fruit and vegetable intake and reduced risk of prostate cancer, but the findings are inconsistent and data on clinically relevant advanced prostate cancer are limited (Kirsh and others 2007). 

Astorg, P. (2004). Dietary n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and prostate cancer risk A review of epidemiological and experimental evidence. Cancer Causes Control 15,367-386. 

A major food safety issue addressed by the European Union concerns the increase in the level of circulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) in the target animal and its increased excretion in the milk as a consequence of the administration of rBST. There has been epidemiological evidence for an association between circulating IGF-I levels and the relative risk of breast and prostate cancer (34-36). 

The study on prostate cancer (Table 20.7) found no association between prostate cancer risk with any of the analyzed flavonoids [Bosetti et al., 2006]. Although some flavonoids showed a favorable effect against prostate cancer [Magee and Rowland, 2004], the results from epidemiological studies are inconsistent. A recent prospective study from Japan found that isoflavone... 

Giovannucci, E., Tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancer a review of the epidemiological literature, Am. Soc. Nut. Sci. J. Nutr., 135, 2030S-2031S, 2005. 

Alavanja, Michael C. R., Claudine Samanic, Mustafa Dosemeci, Jay Lubin, Robert Tarone, Charles F. Lynch, Charles Knott, Kent Thomas, Jane A Hoppin, Joseph Barker, Joseph Coble, Dale P. Sandler, and Aaron.Blair. 2003. Use of agricultural pesticides and prostate cancer risk in the agricultural health study cohort. American journal of Epidemiology 157(9) 800-814. 

---