Propionyl propionic acid

Ethylene reacts with carbon monoxide and water in the presence of nickel carbonyl to give propionic acid in high yield. If care is taken to maintain a high concentration of propionic acid in the reaction mixture and the temperature, which is normally 300 in the propionic acid synthesis, is decreased to 240 °C propionic acid anhydride is formed in high yield in the presence of Ni(CO)4. Propionic acid ethyl ester is the main product in the reaction of ethylene, carbon monoxide and water (low water concentration must be applied) with cobalt carbonyls instead of Ni(CO)4. The conversion of ethylene with carbon monoxide in dilute alkaline medium with the aid of potassium nickel cyanide gives propionyl propionic acid [403-405]. At higher temperatures and without pH correction in the same reaction mainly polyketones with the sequences -(CHg-CHg-CO)- are formed. If the reaction is carried out in absence of water or alcohols and in presence of palladium iodide as catalyst, a mixture of hexenolide isomers is the main product. Colorless polyketones of the same structure are obtained if an excess of ethylene is treated with carbon monoxide in the presence of complex palladium salts as catalysts in an alcoholic hydrogen halide solution at 100 °C and 700 atm [406]. 

Propiophenone. Propiophenone [93-55-0] (ethyl phenyl ketone) is a colorless Hquid with a flowery odor. It can be prepared by the Friedel-Crafts reaction of benzene and propionyl chloride in the presence of aluminum chloride (346), or by the catalytic reaction of benzoic acid and propionic acid in the presence of water (347). Propiophenone is commercially available (348), and is sold in Japan at 2700 Y/kg (349). It is used in the production of ephedrine, as a fragrance enhancer, and as a polymerization sensitizer. 

Propionyl nitrite (Nitric acid-propionic acid anhydride). CH3.CH2,CO.O.NO raw 103.09 N 13.59% OB to C02 —85.36% golden-yel liq bp <60° (decompn). Prepn is by reacting nitrosyl chloride with Ag propionate... 

If CDI is employed as imidazolide, methyl 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoate is obtained in 47% yield. Propionyl-1,2,4-triazole behaves in the same way as the imidazolides, giving similar yields (50%), but the benzotriazolides and benzimidazolides were not as effective. The o-nitrophenyl and p-chlorophenyl esters of propionic acid did not lead to any aromatic products.11185 Similar 5C + 1C condensation reactions are described in references [119] and [120],... 

The following examples, found in R. eutropha, illustrate the formation of copolymers (cf. [37]). With propionic acid as an additional carbon source, the 3-ketothiolase catalyzes the condensation of the propionyl-CoA unit with acetyl-CoA to form 3-ketovaleryl-CoA, which is reduced to 3-hydroxyvalerate moieties and polymerized by the synthase [27]. 

BODIPY 530/550 C hydrazide is 4,4-difluoro-5,7-diphenyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-propionyl hydrazide, a derivative of the basic BODIPY structure that contains two phenyl rings off the No. 5 and 7 carbon atoms and a propionic acid hydrazide group on the No. 3 carbon... 

Subsequent insertion of CO into the newly formed alkyl-ruthenium moiety, C, to form Ru-acyl, D, is in agreement with our 13C tracer studies (e.g., Table III, eq. 3), while reductive elimination of propionyl iodide from D, accompanied by immediate hydrolysis of the acyl iodide (3,14) to propionic acid product, would complete the catalytic cycle and regenerate the original ruthenium carbonyl complex. 

Propanol with magnesium in reduction of chlorobenzene, 47, 104 Propionic acid, 2-(2,4,5,7-tetranitro-flcoken-9-ylideneamtnooxv)-, (+)- AND (-)-, 48, 120 Propionyl fluoride, 45, 6 Propiophenone, condensation with paraformaldehyde, 48, 91 -Propylaminc, 45, 85 -Propylhydrazine, 45, 85 C-( -Propyl)-N-phenylnitrone, generation from phenylhydroxylamine and -butyraIdehyde, 46, 97 Purification of tetrahydrofuran (Warning), 46,105 477- Pyran-4-0ne, 2-6-dimethyl-3,5-DIPHENYL-, 47, 54... 

These short-chain fatty acids are acetic, butyric, lactic and propionic acids, also known as volatile fatty acids, VFA. They are produced from fermentation of carbohydrate by microorganisms in the colon and oxidised by colonocytes or hepatocytes (see above and Chapter 4). Butyric acid is activated to produce butyryl-CoA, which is then degraded to acetyl-CoA by P-oxidation acetic acid is converted to acetyl-CoA for complete oxidation. Propionic acid is activated to form propionyl-CoA, which is then converted to succinate (Chapter 8). The fate of the latter is either oxidation or, conversion to glucose, via glu-coneogenesis in the liver. 

Propene Propene Oxide Propene Polymer Propenoic Acid Beta-Propiolactone Propionaldehyde Propionic Acid Propionic Aldehyde Propionic Anhydride Beta-Propionolactone Propionyl Oxide N-Propyl Acetate 2-Propyl Acetate Propyl Alcohol... 

Benzo[6]thienyl)propionic acid is obtained by dehydrogenation of the spirolactone (144) it undergoes cyclization in the presence of liquid hydrogen fluoride to give the isomeric ketones (307 and 308).447 j9-(3-Benzo[6]thienyl)propionyl chloride and its a-methyl derivative... 

Cellulose Acetate, Propionate, and Butyrate. Cellulose acetate is prepared by hydrolyzing the triester to remove some of the acetyl groups the plastic-grade resin contains 38-40% acetyl. The propionate and butyrate esters are made by substituting propionic acid and its anhydride (or butyric acid and its anhydride) for some of the acetic acid and acetic anhydride. Plastic grades of cellulose-acetate-propionate resin contain 39-47% propionyl and 2-9% acetyl cellulose-acetate-butyrate resins contain 26-39% butyryl and 12-15% acetyl. 

The copolymer poly-(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHB-co-PHV) produced by A eutrophus has generated more interest than poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) homopolymer. Since these bacterial polyesters are biodegradable thermoplastics, their mechanical and physical properties have received much attention. PHB is a relatively stiff and brittle material because of its high crystallinity. However, the physiochemi-cal and mechanical properties of [P(HB-HV)] vary widely and depend on the molar percentage of 3-hydroxyvalerate (HV) in the copolymer (4,5) as shown inTable 1. Propionic acid is converted by a synthetase to propionyl-CoA, and the biosynthetic P-ketothiolase catalyzes the condensation of propionyl-CoA with acetyl-CoA to 3-ketovaleryl-CoA by the acetoacetyl-CoA reductase. The hydroxyvaleryl moiety is finally covalently linked to the polyester by the PHA synthase (6). 

A mixture of 5 parts l-(3-cyano-3,3-diphenylpropyl)-4-(2-oxo-l-benzimidazolinyl)piperidine, 7.5 parts propionic acid anhydride and 80 parts benzene is stirred and refluxed for 16 hours. After cooling, the reaction mixture is washed twice with 100 parts water. The aqueous layer is dried over potassium carbonate, filtered and evaporated. The residue is recrystallized from 60 parts of ether, yielding 4 parts crude l-(3-cyano-3,3-diphenylpropyl)-4-(2-oxo-3-propionyl-l-benzimidazolinyl)piperidine. This crop is recrystallized from 20 parts m-methyl-2-pentanone 4-ethyl-2-pentanone, yielding l-(3-... 

A mixture of 32 g (0.108 mole) of 3-[5 -(3"- bromophenyl)-2 H-tetrazole]propionic acid and 80 g of thionyl chloride in 250 ml of dry chloroform was stirred under reflux for 16 hours. Evaporation of the solvent and excess reagent under reduced pressure gave a tan oil which was redissolved in 300 ml of dry tetrahydrofuran. To this was added 20 ml of redistilled piperidine in 100 ml of dry tetrahydrofuran. The mixture was stirred for 15 min at room temperature. The tetrahydrofuran was then removed under reduced pressure and the residue well triturated with one liter of 0.1 N hydrochloric acid. The resulting semi-solid was taken up in 700 ml of ether and extracted with 300 ml of 3% aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution. The ether solution was then dried over calcium chloride, filtered, and cooled in the refrigerator. This deposited 25 g (69 %) of tan needles of N-3-[5 -(3"-bromophenyl)-2 H-tetrazole]propionyl piperidine melting point 69°C. 

To the (2S)-2-benzyl-3-(l-methylpiperatin-4-ylsulfonyl)propionic acid (1.0 g, 3.064 mmol), the H-L-(4-thiazolyl)Ala amide of (2S,3R,4S)-2-amino-l-cyclohexyl-3,4-dihydroxy-6-methylheptane (1.11 g, 2.792 mmol), and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (1.022 g, 7.563 mmol) in dimethylformamide (20 ml) was added N-methylmorpholine (0.35 ml, 3.2 mmol). The mixture was cooled to -23°C and treated with l-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.760 g, 3.96 mmol). After 2 h at -23°C and 14 h at room temperature, the reaction was poured into saturated NaHC03 solution (100 ml) and extracted into ethyl acetate (2x50 ml) which was washed with water (2x50 ml) and brine (50 ml) and then was dried over Na2S04 and evaporated to afford 1.94 g. Recrystallization from ethanol (15 ml)/hexane (90 ml) afforded 1.55g (79%) of (2S)-2-benzyl-3-(l-methylpiperazin-4-ylsulfonyl)propionyl-(L)-(4-thiazolyl)Ala-amide of (2S,3R,4S)-2-amino-l-cyclohexyl-3,4-dihydroxy-6-methylheptane as a white solid, melting point 169°-170°C. 

Organic Products0 Formed by Decomposition of Propionyl Peroxide and by Kolbe Electrolysis of Potassium Propionate in Propionic Acid ... 

Propionic acid, /J-(chloroformyl)-, METHYL ESTER, 25, 19 Propionic acid, /J,/S -methyliminobis, DIETHYL ESTER, 20, 35 Propionic anhydride, 21, 14 Propionitrile, /3-amino-, 27, 3 Propionitrile, 6-ETHOXY-, 23, 33 Propionitrile, 6,6 -iminodi-, 27, 3 Propionyl chloride, 24, 30 Propiophenone, 6-diethylamino-, 23, 31... 

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