Production propionic acid

Addifion of oils and oilseeds to the diet is another method that has been used to reduce CH4 emissions (Beauchemin et ah, 2008 Eckard et ah, 2010). Lipid addition to the diet may reduce CH4 emissions by hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids, enhanced propionic acid production, and protozoal inhibition (Johnson and Johnson, 1995). Reductions in CH4 of >40% have been demonstrated with lipid supplementation... 

Subsequent insertion of CO into the newly formed alkyl-ruthenium moiety, C, to form Ru-acyl, D, is in agreement with our 13C tracer studies (e.g., Table III, eq. 3), while reductive elimination of propionyl iodide from D, accompanied by immediate hydrolysis of the acyl iodide (3,14) to propionic acid product, would complete the catalytic cycle and regenerate the original ruthenium carbonyl complex. 

Boyaval, P. and Corre, C. 1987. Continuous fermentation of sweet whey permeate for propionic acid production in a CSTR with UF recycle. Biotechnol. Lett. 9(11), 801-806. 

Boyaval, P., Seta, J., and Gavach, C. 1993. Concentrated propionic acid production by electrodialysis. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 15, 683-686. 

Boyaval, P., Corre, C., and Madec, M.-N. 1994. Propionic acid production in a membrane bioreactor. 

Figure 12.20 A designer C H oxidation catalyst the positions the reactive CH-bond over the catalyst active site using molecular recognition. The ibuprofen substrate is oxidised to the 2-(4-Isobutyryl-phenyl) -propionic acid product in > 98 % selectivity (reproduced by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry).

Polypropylene HF/dual recycle Propionic acid production [100]... 

Zhang, C., Brandt, M. J., Schwab, C., Ganzle, M. G. (2010). Propionic acid production by cofermentation of Lactobacillus buchneri and Lactobacillus diolivorans in sourdough. Food Microbiology, 27, 390-395. 

Zhang A, Yang S. Propionic acid production from glycerol by metabohcaUy engineered Propionibacte-rium acidipropionici. Process Biochem 2009 44 1346-51. 

Wang Z,Yang S. Propionic acid production in glycerol/glucose co-fermentation by Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii. BioresourTechnol 2013 137 116-23. 

Zhuge X, Liu L, Shin HD, Li J, Du G, Chen J. Improved propionic acid production from glycerol with metabolicaUy engineered Propionibacterium jensenii by integrating fed-batch culture with a pH-shift control strategy. BioresourTechnol 2014 152 519-25. 

Coral J, Karp SG.Vandenberghe LPS, Parada JL, Pandey A, Soccol CR. Batch fermentation model of propionic acid production by Propionibacterium acidipropionici in different carbon sources. Appl Biochem Biotech 2008 151 333-41. 

Jin Z.Yang ST. Extractive fermentation for enhanced propionic acid production from lactose by Propionibacterium acidipropionici Biotechnol Prog 1998 14 457-65. 

Quesada-Chanto A, Costa J, Silveira M, Schroeder A, Schmid-Meyer A.Jonas R. Influence of different vitamin-nitrogen sources on cell growth and propionic acid production fiom sucrose by Propionibacterium shermanii. Acta Biotechnol 1998 8 267-74. 

Chen F, Feng XH, Xu H, Zhang D, Ouyang PK. Propionic acid production in a plant fibrous-bed bioreactor with immobilized Propionibacterium freudenreichii CCTCC M207015. J Biotechnol 2012 164 202-10. 

It has been suggested that through its effects on (1) rumen fermentation (some experiments have shown increased microbial growth and increased propionic acid production) and (2) cell metabolism (increased utilisation of carbohydrate and reduced lipid mobilisation), nicotinic acid may be a useful supplement to dairy cows, particularly in situations of subclinical ketosis. However, the experimental evidence is not consistent. Nicotinic acid does not always give positive responses in the rumen and increases in blood concentrations were not observed in all experiments. Current recommendations do not advocate the supplementation of dairy cow diets in order to increase milk yield and composition. 

Changes in dietary carbohydrate that reduce milk fat content tend to increase protein content if dietary protein supply is adequate. The effect may require 2 3 weeks to manifest itself and be of the order of 8 g protein/kg nulk. It is probable that the increased propionic acid production on such diets has a sparing effect on certain glucogenic amino acids such as glutamate, and more of these are then available to the mammary gland for protein synthesis. Alternatively, such diets are often associated with an increase in microbial protein synthesis in the rumen, which will increase amino acid supply to the mammary gland. The increased intake of energy per se, which usually occurs on such diets, would have the same effect. 

Normally, the strains of P. pentosaceum, P. freudenreichii and P. shermanii studied produced 10-11 mmoles of propionic acid per 100 ml, although the vitamin Bn levels in these strains varied greatly, being 56, 1650 and 1070 pg per g biomass, respectively. Inhibition of vitamin Bn biosynthesis resulted in a reduced propionic acid production, with acetic, or acetic and formic acids, becoming the main end products of fermentation. As a result, the ratio of propionic/acetic acid in the cells that produced insignificant quantities of vitamin Bn (growing in cobalt-free medium with methionine) was low, 1 4, as compared with the normal ratio of 2 1 (Vorobjeva, 1976). 

A large share of propionic acid production is supplied by petrochemical methods. Nevertheless, microbiological production can co-exist and in some... 

An economically profitable method of propionic acid production is by fermentation of the hydrolysate of fhiit grasses by P. acidipropionici (Clausen and Gaddy, 1984 Tyree et al., 1991). In continuous culture a mixture of glucose and xylose was fermented, and the utilization of xylose was not inhibited by glucose. 80% of the two substrates were metabolized in 75 h. It was estimated that 32,000 metric tons per year of acetic and propionic acids (a mixture, equivalent to the actual demand for these acids in... 

An alternative method of propionic acid production from sugars by propionibacteria has been suggested (Tyree et al., 1991). In this process two cultures, Lactobacillus xylosus and P. shermanii, are used in a system of two consecutive reactor vessels. Lactate, formed by L. xylosus in a batch process with constant stirring, enters the second vessel with immobilized cells of P. shermanii, where propionate is synthesized. The system is characterized by a high total productivity for propionate. 

Borst-Pauwels GWFH (1981) Ion transport in yeast. Biochim Biophys Acta 650 88-127 Boyaval P and Corre C (1995) Production of propionic acid. Lait 75 453-461 Boyaval P, Corre C and Madec M-N (1994) Propionic acid production in a membrane bioreactor. Enzyme Microb Technol 16 883-886 Boyaval P, Corre C, Dupuis C and Roussel E (1995) Effects of free fatty acids on propionic acid bacteria. Lait 75 17-29... 

Lewis VP and Yang S-T (1992) A novel extractive fermentation process for propionic acid production from whey lactose. Biotechnol Progr 8 104-110 Lichstein HC (1955) The presence of bound biotin in purified preparation of oxaloacetic carboxylase. J Biol Chem 212 217-222... 

In a sense, propionic acid bacteria are domesticated bacteria. They might have been used for cheese making as early as 9000 years BC. In the last 40 years their practical uses have expanded to include vitamin Bn and propionic acid production, bread baking, starters for ensilage and some pharmaceutical preparations. New prospects for their future uses are also emerging, based on the useful properties recently discovered. 

Zhu Y, Li J, Tan M, Liu L, Jiang L, Sun J, Lee P, Du G, Chen J (2010) Optimization and scale-up of propionic acid production by propionic acid-tolerant Propionibacterium acidipropionici with glycerol as the carbon source. Bioresour Technol 101 8902-8906... 

---