Acetic acid, oxidation

The results from Figures 6 and 7 support the observation that acetic acid combustion is accelerated by the presence of Au and KOAc. The evolution of carbon dioxide is enhanced by both Au and KOAc, while the evolution of carbon monoxide is enhanced by the presence of KOAc and suppressed by the presence of Au. This shows that acetic acid combustion is more complete with a Pd-Au loy versus Pd alone which is important since carbon monoxide can act as a tempor catalyst poison in the process. These results agree with Nakamura and Yasui s (1980) on acetic acid oxidation which showed an increase in acetic acid combustion when KOAc is added to a Pd catalyst. 

Fig. 10.6 A p-type Si wafer with a 20 nm thick thermal oxide has been contaminated by scratching the backside with metal wires (Ni, Cu, Fe), according to the pattern shown in (a) and later annealed at 1200°C for 30 s. (e) Under cathodic bias in acetic acid, oxide defects become decorated by hydrogen bubbles. (c, d) After oxide removal junction defects caused by metal precipitates are decorated by hydrogen bubbles, if sufficient catho...

Different nucleophiles such as methanol, allylsilanes, silyl enol ethers, trimethylsilyl-cyanide, and arenes can be used in this process [62]. When the sulfide itself contains an unsaturated or aromatic fragment and the process is carried out in the absence of a nucleophile, an intramolecular anodic sub-stitution/cyclization might occur [61-63]. Methyl esters of 2-benzothiazolyl-2-alkyl or aryl-acetic acid, oxidized in MeOH/Et4 NCIO4 or H2SO4 in the presence of CUCI2, form 2,2-dimethoxy products (Eq. 7) [64]. 

Lead tetraacetate in acetic acid oxidizes phenolic 1-benzylisoquinolines to p-quinol acetates which usually rearrange to aporphines in trifluoroacetic acid (25). However, Blasko et al. (24) recently reported that lead tetraacetate oxidized ( )-A -norlaudanosine (34) to dibenzopyrrocoline 35 in 16% yield. 

Synthesis (Tull et al. (Merck Co.), 1975 1976) Friedel-Crafts reaction of fluorobenzene and a-bromoisobutyryl bromide gives 5-fluoro-2-methylindan-1-one, which is treated with 4-methylthiobenzylmagnesium chloride to yield 5-fluoro-2-methyl-1-(4-methylthiobenzyl)indene. Condensation with glyoxylic acid in the presence of N-benzyltrimethyl ammonium hydroxide (Triton B) gives 3-carboxy methylene-5-fluoro-2-methyl-1 -(4-methylthio-ben-zyl) indene, which is isomerized in acid to 5-fluoro-2-methyl-1-(4-methylthiobenzylidene)indene-3-acetic acid. Oxidation with hydrogen peroxide affords sulindac. 

A reaction temperature around 650°C has been found to be necessary for ammonia and acetic acid oxidation with higher than 99% efficiency and residence time of 50 seconds [7,10]. No significant effect was found on pressure variation, and therefore a reaction pressure slightly higher than the critical pressure is usually selected to ensure that the process takes place in only one phase [11]. 

Iodine-acetic acid oxidation of (376) gave the lactone (377) which, when treated with chloromethyl benzyl ether, produced (378) in which phenylthiomethyl groups have been inserted at the 5- and 15-positions, but not at 10-. The lack of reactivity at the last position... 

Palladium (II) chloride alone in acetic acid oxidizes olefins to unsaturated esters. For instance ethylene is oxidized to vinyl acetate. Reaction 20 almost certainly proceeds by way of a Pd (II) a-bonded... 

A mixture of products, that contains regioisomeric bromohydrin acetates, is obtained20 by the bromine/acetic acid oxidation of an alkene having a tertiary perfluoroalkyl group in the allylic position. It is interesting that a different composition of the product mixture 61-63 is obtained depending on the addition of bromine or of the alkene to the reaction mixture.20... 

Barium ferrate suspended in glacial acetic acid oxidizes squalene to monoepoxysqualene in low yield.306 Potassium ferrate is unreactive towards alkanes, but when reduced by oxalic acid it... 

T. Kistayya, M. A. A. Siddiqui, and S. Kandlikar, Kinetics of oxidation of aldoses by. V-hi omosuccimmide in aqueous acetic acid, Oxid. Common., 10 (1987) 11-18. 

Acetoxycyclohexene-1 Cyclohexene, acetic acid Oxidative substitution 71... 

Table 2 Arrhenius Parameters for Acetic Acid Oxidation...

Savage PE, Smith MA. Kinetics of acetic acid oxidation in supercritical water. Environ Sci Technol 1995 29 216-221. 

Meyer JC, Marrone PA, Tester JW. Acetic acid oxidation and hydrolysis in supercritical water. AIChE J 1995 41(suppl 9) 2108-2121. 

Forexample, good yields of 2-chloropyrazine 4-oxide,391,392 2-carbox-amidopyrazine 4-oxide,392 and 2-methylpyrazine 1,4-dioxide,391 have been obtained by oxidation of the appropriate pyrazine. In general, the preferred product from oxidation of monosubstituted pyrazines at lower temperatures is the monooxide formed by oxidation on the nitrogen remote from the substituent, whereas 1,4-dioxides are obtained by prolonged heating at higher temperatures.155 Pertrifluoro-acetic acid oxidation of 2,5-dichloro-3,6-dimethylpyrazine furnishes the di-iV-oxide, whereas permaleic acid gives only the mono-iV-oxide.393... 

Cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN) in acetic acid oxidizes potassium bromide and, consequently, brominates methylbenzenes at a benzylic position with 50-80% yield293. f-Butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) oxidizes CuBr2 which a-brominates toluenes to benzyl... 

Bromine or electrolytic oxidation of furan in alcoholic solution gives the corresponding 2,5-dialkoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran 159 (R = Alk). Lead tetraacetate in acetic acid oxidation yields 2,5-diacetoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran 159 (R = Ac). 

Quinoline 82a could be prepared as a sole product by the following one-pot procedure after quenching the reaction with acetic acid, oxidation of the mixture with a 0.5 molar amount of 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ) gave quinoline 82a in 80% yield from 80a without forming tetrahydroquinoline 83a (Scheme 36). 

Absorption spectra, UV-visible, thermolysis of Cd(SePh)2 and Cd(TePh)2,189 Acetic acid, oxidation of alkanes and olefins, 266 Acetic anhydride, oxidation of alkanes and olefins, 266 Acid sites... 

Red lead, Pb304, in acetic acid oxidizes a-hydroxy acids to carbonyl compounds [143, 433] and cleaves vicinal diols to carbonyl compounds... 

Bismuth sesquioxide, Bi203, in the presence of acetic acid, oxidizes acyloins to a-diketones in high yields [481]. 

Ceric ammonium nitrate in water or in 50% acetic acid oxidizes ben-zylic alcohols at 90 °C in very good yields [420]. Only catalytic amounts of the reagent and sodium bromate as a reoxidant are needed to convert benzyl alcohol into benzaldehyde in 90% yield on heating in acetonitrile at 80 °C [421]. A similar result is obtained on treatment of benzyl alcohol with lead tetraacetate in pyridine at room temperature for a few hours (yield 85%) [442]. 

Pd (II) in acetic acid oxidizes ethylene mainly to vinyl acetate. This is the product expected from Pd( II)-hydride elimination from an oxy-palladation adduct. However, 1,1-diacetoxyethane has been reported to be a primary product under some conditions (33). Thus, as discussed above, decomposition of the adduct may not occur by simple Pd(II)-hydride elimination. 

Diamino-2-phenyltriazole and nitrosobenzene, stirred in an emulsion of benzene and 12 N sodium hydroxide, gave 4-amino-2-phenyl-5-phenylazotriazole (60°C, 10 min, 72%) (70BCJ3587). Potassium permanganate in dilute acetic acid oxidized 4-amino-3,5-diphenyltriazole to 3,3, 5,5 -tetraphenyl-4,4 -azotriazole (25 °C, 30%). This product, stirred with hydrazine hydrate and palladized carbon in chloroform, gave 4-amino-3,5-diphenyltriazole (25°C, 1 hr, 91%) (70JOC2215). 

Na3H3PV 3Mo9O40 Larixol Acetate, dienes o2 Acetic acid Oxidation studied under three conditions yield and selectivity good with optimal system 469... 

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