Prophylactic

Scopolamine (42), an optically active, viscous Hquid, also isolated from Solanaceae, eg. Datura metell. decomposes on standing and is thus usually both used and stored as its hydrobromide salt. The salt is employed as a sedative or, less commonly, as a prophylactic for motion sickness. It also has some history of use ia conjunction with narcotics as it appears to enhance their analgesic effects. BiogeneticaHy, scopolamine is clearly an oxidation product of atropiae, or, more precisely, because it is optically active, of (—)-hyoscyamiae. 

Menthanediamine has been effectively reacted to form polyamides (84) and is sold in metric tons per year volume as a premium (- SlS/kg) epoxy curative (85) by Rohm and Haas. 1-Adamantylamine hydrochloride [665-66-7] is a prophylactic against type A viral infections sold by Du Pont under the trade name Symmetrel. 

Theophylline s predominant mode of action appears to be bronchocHlation. However, it has also been shown that prophylactic acHriinistration of theophylline provides some protection from asthma attacks and suppresses the late-phase response (67,68). Some researchers beHeve that at therapeutic semm concentrations theophylline may inhibit the development of airway inflammation (69). There are conflicting reports on the effect of theophylline on allergen-induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness some clinical stucHes report a reduction in hyper-responsiveness, others do not (69,70). Theophylline clearly does not reverse the general bronchial hyperresponsiveness over the course of long-term therapy (71). Because of the relationship between... 

Diethylcarbama2ine [98-89-1/ is a pipera2ine derivative which is given daily as a prophylactic for canine heartworm disease Dirofilaria immitis) or as a therapeutic for roundworms. D. immitis is transmitted only by mosquitoes, and therefore the period of administration varies geographically, depending on temperatures and humidity which regulate the mosquito life cycle. 

The prophylactic stimulation of the immune system using vaccines and bacterins is time-consuming. Of even greater value would be the abiUty to activate the system to combat a disease attack already underway, or to be able to increase the response to abnormal cells and neutralize neoplasia in any organ of the body. Several compounds, some unique entities and some already in use for other purposes, have shown potential utiUty as such nonspecific immune stimulants. 

L-Fohc acid is available as a crystalline dihydrate containing 8% water. Approximately 80% of the commercial production is consumed for feed enrichment in animal nutrition. FoHc acid is being offered by the pharmaceutical industry for therapeutic and prophylactic use (see Pharmaceuticals). Pharmacological doses of fohc acid are commonly used as a rescue dose during cancer chemotherapy, in women using oral contraceptives, and alcohoHcs. Several studies have provided evidence that multivitamins or foHc acid (0.8—4 mg/day) supplementation prevent the majority of neural tube defects (101). 

In the United States, 100 times more bacitracin by weight is used as a feed additive than for human medicine. Most of this is BMD but some is the zinc salt. BMD can be used in subtherapeutic nutritional dosages for increase in feed efficiency and for growth promotion in poultry, swine, and feedlot cattie at concentrations of 2.6—33 g/t of feed (78,81,82). Prophylactic or therapeutic medicinal dosing at higher concentrations is used for necrotic enteritis in chickens, transmissable enteritis in turkeys, ulcerative enteritis in quail, dysentery in swine, and Hver abcess in cattie (see Feeds and feed additives). 

Both amantadiae and rknantadiae have been found to reduce the duration of influenza A-iaduced fever and malaise, and to lessen viral shedding. Prophylactic treatment has been recommended for high risk patients (95). It has been suggested that, ia the presence of amantadine, the influenza vims attaches normally to cells, but once iaside the ceU the vims fails to initiate repHcation. Thus amantadine appears to inhibit the initiation of transcription at an early stage between uncoating and viral-specific RNA synthesis (96). 

Diaveridine (1044) is a close relative of trimethoprim (Section 2.13.4.2.3) and is made by an analogous Principal Synthesis. It is used prophylactically against coccidiosis in poultry and in combination with sulfaquinoxaline as a curative agent for the same disease similar mixtures are also effective (64MI21305). 

The administration of some drugs for prophylactic and enhanced production purposes requires a period of withdrawal prior to slaughter of the animals and suitable analytical methods to ensure that their products are acceptable as food (Table... 

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