Cancer prophylactics

L-Fohc acid is available as a crystalline dihydrate containing 8% water. Approximately 80% of the commercial production is consumed for feed enrichment in animal nutrition. FoHc acid is being offered by the pharmaceutical industry for therapeutic and prophylactic use (see Pharmaceuticals). Pharmacological doses of fohc acid are commonly used as a rescue dose during cancer chemotherapy, in women using oral contraceptives, and alcohoHcs. Several studies have provided evidence that multivitamins or foHc acid (0.8—4 mg/day) supplementation prevent the majority of neural tube defects (101). 

The uses of the various anabolic steroids include management of anemia of renal insufficiency, control of metastatic breast cancer in women, and promotion of weight gain in those with weight loss after surgery, trauma, or infections. Stanozolol is used prophylactically... 

In addition to their beneficial effects, some medications may actually cause cellular injury and disease. An example of this phenomenon involves nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). These drugs include aspirin (a derivative of salicylic acid), ibuprofen (arylpropionic acid, Advil ), and acetaminophen (para-aminophenol derivative, Tylenol ). Because of their beneficial pharmacological effects, consumption of these agents has increased significantly in recent years. NSAIDS have the ability to treat fever, pain, acute inflammation, and chronic inflammatory diseases such as arthritis. They are also used prophylactically to prevent heart disease, stroke, and colon cancer. 

The answer is e. (Hardmanr p 930.) All the drugs listed in the question are used as antiemetics. Chlorpromazine is a general antiemetic, used orally, rectally, or by injection for the control of nausea and vomiting that is caused by conditions that are not necessarily defined. Ondansetron is indicated in the oral or intravenous route for the prevention of nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy Diphenhydramine and dimen-hydrinate are used orally for the active and prophylactic treatment of motion sickness. Scopolamine is a transdermal preparation used in the prevention of motion sickness. The drug is incorporated into a bandage-like... 

Based on these considerations, a history of endometriosis should be considered a contraindication for treatment with tamoxifen, and considerable attention should be paid to the widespread use of tamoxifen as prophylactic treatment for the prevention of breast cancer in premenopausal women. 

Kotalik J, Yu E, Markman BR, et al. Practice guideline on prophylactic cranial irradiation in small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radial Oncol Biol Phys 2001 50(2) 309-316. 

Auperin A, Arriagada R, Pignon JP, et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission. Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation Overview Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med 1999 341(7) 476-J84. 

Gregor A, Cull A, Stephens RJ, et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation as indicated following complete response to induction therapy in small-cell lung cancer Results of a multicentre randomized trial. Eur J Cancer 1997 33(Suppl 1) 1752-1758. 

Leiserowitz GS, Russell AH, Kinney WK, et al. Prophylactic chemoradiation of inguinofemoral lymph nodes in patients with locally extensive vulvar cancer. Gynecol Oncol 1997 66 509-514. 

Filgrastim is used in conjunction with cancer chemotherapy in one of two ways prophylactic administration aims to prevent onset of neutropenia in the first place, while therapeutic administration aims to reverse neutropenia already established. It is generally effective in both circumstances and in clinical trials it was found to reduce the number of (neutropenia-induced) days of patient hospitalization by up to 50%. Filgrastim administration may also permit modest increases in the maximum dose intensity utilizable in chemotherapeutic regimes. 

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) includes approximately 20-25% of all cases of lung cancer seen worldwide. SCLC differs from other types of lung cancer in its more aggressive course and its superior responsiveness to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The main modality of treatment for SCLC is combination chemotherapy. Eor patients with limited disease achieving a major response on chemotherapy, this is usually combined with concurrent thoracic irradiation. Prophylactic whole brain irradiation is often administered to complete responders because of the high probability of CNS relapse with associated morbidity. 

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