Project Broadly Defined

The Project Management Institute (PMI 2008), the global project management professional society, defines a project as a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result. The temporary nature of projects indicates a definite beginning and end. The end is reached when the project s objectives have been achieved or when the project is terminated because its objectives will not or cannot be met, or when the need for the project no longer exists.  

This definition suggests the wisdom of focusing on the end result, which is the reason to undertake a project. While the majority of tasks you imdertake in a project may not be new, the desired deliverable, that is, the product, service, or result will be 

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In a broadly defined research project, Albert Eschenmoser and his co-workers at the ETH-Ziirich and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La... 

Some mixed conductors, i.e. electronic and ionic, into which ions can be rapidly and reversibly inserted can undergo a colour change. This is, for example, the case of the hydrogen bronzes , mentioned earlier in this book. The colour change can be either from transparent to coloured or from one colour to another. This phenomenon, which can be produced electrochemically, is called electrochromism. It is broadly defined as the production of an absorption band in a display material caused by an applied electric field or current. Such a property is currently under intensive study because of its potential use for passive information display glare-free rearview mirrors for automotives " , solar control windows or smart windows " , thermal sensors and projection systems if matrixable. 

Failure means that the system must be resilient. Resilience may be broadly defined as how does a system recover after failure But the exact definition of resilience as it applies to a project depends on the socioeconomic context of the project, which very much involves the reactions and flexibility of the local governments and populations. The next important design step after pre-engineering is, therefore, to define resilience as it pertains to the particular project and to explore the requirements as well as the opportunities to introduce resilience into the project. A detailed discussion of resilience is beyond the scope of this chapter. 

The PP is the mental or first creation. PMI (2008) defines a PP as A formal, approved document used to guide both project execution and project control. The primary uses... are to document planning assumptions and decisions, to facilitate communication among stakeholders, and to document approved scope, cost, and schedule baselines. The PP is the documented roadmap of the project prepared before the project gets underway. And recall, for purposes of this chapter and book, that project is broadly defined. 

The mechanisms by which the taste (and also the olfactory) system senses chemical compounds is assumed to occur by way of a chemoreceptory system that interacts effectively with a broad, structural variety of stimulant molecules, by means of a receptor epithelium consisting of the mosaic of adjacent, peripheral membranes of many receptor cells, exposed to a medium carrying stimulus molecules. A receptor cell is conveniently and, for our present purpose, sufficiently defined as a cell equipped to interact, according to some mechanism, with stimulus molecules, to convert the effect of this interaction into a signal, and to project this signal into the system. The taste receptor is thus a differentiated, epithelial cell synaptically contact-... 

Use Heuristic Redefinition when your innovation job to be done (JTBD) is not well defined, or is broad rather than targeted in nature and you need more specificity to take meaningful innovation action. This technique is very helpful to innovation leaders who are assembling their innovation project portfolios. 

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