Chamber method

The second method of preparation involves precipitation from a cold acidic solution of mercurous nitrate. Mercurous chloride is isolated after washing in a manner similar to the chamber method described. This product, which generally contains small amounts of occluded sodium nitrate, is satisfactory as a technical-grade material. Difficulty may be encountered in having it pass NF or reagent-grade specifications (see Fine chemicals). 

The preparation of mercuric chloride is identical to the chamber method for mercurous chloride, except that an excess of chlorine is used to ensure complete reaction to the higher oxidation state. Very pure product results from this method. Excess chlorine is absorbed by sodium hydroxide in a tower. 

NO emissions did not exceed 2 ng Nm s and their measurement was only possible by chamber methods. The low NO emissions but high NjO emissions show that denitrification was the main source of NjO at this site. The discrepancies between the chamber and micrometeorological methods illustrated the need to define the flux-footprint of a micrometeorological measurement very carefully, and to use this information in the field to choose the locations in which chambers are placed. Without such an approach, the integration of results from chambers into estimates of field-scale emission remains an uncertain method. 

P. M. S. Blackett (Manchester) development of the Wilson cloud chamber method and discoveries therewith in the field of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation. 

Stratton WJ, Lindberg SE, Perry C J. 2001. Atmospheric mercury speciation critical evaluation of a mist chamber method for measuring reactive gaseous mercury. Environ Sci Technol 35 170-177. 

Ionization Chamber Method DSC directly sampled to an evacuated chamber, current measurement... 

Ionization Chamber Method (DSC), The ionization chamber is one of the most common instruments for measuring radon gas. The chmaber was cylindrically shaped and had a 1.5 liter volume. Air samples were drawn through a dryer filled with CaCl and a filter to remove... 

Flow-Type Ionization Chamber (PFC). The Flow -Type Ionization Chamber Method (PFC) has been developed for continuously measuring radon gas in the atmospheric air. The detail of the device has been described elsewhere (Shimo, 1985). Briefly, measurements are continuously carried out by drawing air through the detector at 1.0 2.0 /min. The ionization currentdue to alpha particles from radon and its daughters is detected with a vibrating reed electrometer (VRE) in the same manner as the DSC. The sensitivity... 

Lee, T.G., "The Smoke Density Chamber Method for Evaluating the Potential Smoke Generation of Building Materials," 1973, National Bureau of Standards (National Institute of Standards and Technology), Gaithersburg, MD, Technical Note, 757, ASTM E-662). 

Besides, IR-spectroscopy, reflectance spectroscopy, spark chamber method etc., may also be employed for the direct evaluation of chromatograms. 

Even though the Ussing chamber method is used mostly to study drug permeability in liquid-liquid interphase, it has been demonstrated by Osth et al. 

Araya H, Tomita M, Hayashi M (2006) The novel formulation design of self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) type O/W microemulsion III The permeation mechanism of a poorly water soluble drug entrapped O/W microemulsion in rat isolated intestinal membrane by the Ussing chamber method. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 21 45-53. 

Watanabe E, Takahashi M, Hayashi M (2004) A possibility to predict the absorbability of poorly water-soluble drugs in humans based on rat intestinal permeability assessed by an in vitro chamber method. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 58 659-665. 

FLOATING ROOF TANKS—MULTIPLE-CHAMBER METHOD... 

Chamber Method. The foam chamber method for cone roof vertical cylindrical tanks consists of one or more foam chambers installed on the shell of the tank just below the roof joint. A foam solution pipe is extended from the proportioning source, outside the dike wall, to the foam maker located inside the chamber. A deflector is located inside the tank shell to deflect the discharge... 

Double Ionization-Chamber Method (Real-Photon Method)... 

The double ionization-chamber method [19] provides an excellent means of measuring the photoabsorption cross sections of atoms and molecules in the range of the incident photon... 

While the lead-chamber process increased the amount of sulfuric acid that could be produced, it relied on a source of nitrate that usually had to be imported. The process also produced nitric oxide gas, NO, which oxidized to brown nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere. To reduce the supply of nitrate required and the amount of nitric oxide produced, Gay-Lussac proposed that the nitric oxide be captured in a tower and recycled into the lead chamber. Although Gay-Lussac first proposed this modification to the lead-chamber method around 1830, it was not until the 1860s that John Glover (1801-1872) actually implemented Gay-Lussac s idea with the Glover tower. 

During the beginning of the nineteenth century, the alkali and acid industries provided the model for other chemical industries. One characteristic of the chemical industry is that development in one area often stimulates development in another area. For example, the lead-chamber method produced enough sulfuric acid to make the acid practical for use in the LeBlanc process. Similarly, the Solvay process used ammonia produced when coke was made for steel production. Certain chemical industries were perceived by royalty and national leaders as critical to their nation s welfare. One of these was the manufacture of gunpowder, also known as blackpowder. Gunpowder is a mixture of approximately... 

ISO (2006a) 16000-9. Indoor Air-Determination of the Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds from Building Products and Furnishing-Emission Test Chamber Method, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland. 

CEN/ISO EN/ISO 16000-9 Indoor Air-Part 9 Emission test chamber method Will supercede 13419-1... 

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