Production process processes types

The starting point of the approximate sizing procedure is to compose blank flow-sheets for all products (processes) specifying types of all equipment units of yet unknown capacity for each process no matter whether units are common for a majority of stages or unique for one process only. Preliminary mass and heat balances for all items and processes must be made. The size factors Sij are evaluated based on these balances. The balances can be corrected after equipment has been selected. Evaluation of size factors thus is an iterative procedure. 

Onsite recycling It is the reuse of waste materials at the site of generation. It may be used in the same or another process (like the reuse of cleaning washes and of solvents in the production process). This type of recycling reduces the cost of raw materials as well as the cost of waste disposal. 

Company Process Tradename Product(s) Process Type Catalyst(s) Comments... 

Liquefaction processes for biomass conversion can be categorized as slurry-phase. high-pressure processing, usually with catalysts or as dry pyrolysis at low or reduced pressure. The research has concentiated on the fuel properties and has often overlooked tiie detailed chemical analysis of the biomass-derived products. Both process types produce a complex mix of oxygenated organic components. The... 

Solid fuels are not commonly used in most industrial combustion applications except in utility boilers (see Chapter 34). The most common solid fuels are coal and coke. Coal is used in power generation and coke is used in some primary metals production processes. Another type of pseudosolid fuel is sludge that is processed in incinerators. Solid fuels also often contain impurities such as nitrogen and sulfur that can significantly increase pollutant emissions. Some solid fuels may also contain hazardous chemicals that can produce carcinogenic pollution emissions. Because solid fuels are not used frequently in the applications considered, they are only discussed in those specific cases. 

Strategic planning This block comprises planning problems determining the general structure of the considered SC, e.g. location and stmctnre of prodnc-tion sites, type of production processes or types and capacities of logistical facilities. ... 

Production Process Classification Type Diagram s main line follows the production process... 

One application of statistics which is used only infrequently in the food industry is statistical quality control of production processes. This type of control is not at all new and has been applied with great success in other industries. At the present time it is beginning to be applied in the food industry. 

Product development or product acquisition. There may be a significant number of PDLCs in a project, ideally each managed by a team leader who is a domain expert for that product or process type (e.g., software development, training, marketing and procurement). The IT example we have aheady discussed is the waterfall life cycle and its variant V-model, a version of which is shown in Figure 1. What is clear is that the V-model is not a PMLC. 

Source process (Process type) Source stocked product (SI) Source make-to-order product (S2) Source engineer-to-order product (S3)... 

A broad comparison of the main types of processes, the strength and quaUty of phosphoric acid, and the form and quaUty of by-product calcium sulfate are summarized in Table 7. Because the dihydrate process is the most widely used, the quaUty of its acid and calcium sulfate and its P2O3 recovery are taken as reference for performance comparisons. Illustrative flow diagrams of the principal variations in process types have been pubUshed (39). Numerous other variations in process details ar also used (40—42). The majority of plants use a dihydrate process and some of these have production capacity up to 2100 of P2O3 per day. 

Polyamines can also be made by reaction of ethylene dichloride with amines (18). Products of this type are sometimes formed as by-products in the manufacture of amines. A third type of polyamine is polyethyleneimine [9002-98-6] which can be made by several routes the most frequently used method is the polymeriza tion of azitidine [151 -56 ] (18,26). The process can be adjusted to vary the amount of branching (see Imines, cyclic). Polyamines are considerably lower in molecular weight compared to acrylamide polymers, and therefore their solution viscosities are much lower. They are sold commercially as viscous solutions containing 1—20% polymer, and also any by-product salts from the polymerization reaction. The charge on polyamines depends on the pH of the medium. They can be quaternized to make their charge independent of pH (18). 

More than half of flexible packaging is used for food. Within foods, candy, bakery products, and snack-type foods, such as potato and com chips, use well over half of flexible packaging. Cheese, processed meat, shrink wraps, condiments, dry-drink mixes, fresh meats, and fresh produce represent smaller appHcations. 

The unit Kureha operated at Nakoso to process 120,000 metric tons per year of naphtha produces a mix of acetylene and ethylene at a 1 1 ratio. Kureha s development work was directed toward producing ethylene from cmde oil. Their work showed that at extreme operating conditions, 2000°C and short residence time, appreciable acetylene production was possible. In the process, cmde oil or naphtha is sprayed with superheated steam into the specially designed reactor. The steam is superheated to 2000°C in refractory lined, pebble bed regenerative-type heaters. A pair of the heaters are used with countercurrent flows of combustion gas and steam to alternately heat the refractory and produce the superheated steam. In addition to the acetylene and ethylene products, the process produces a variety of by-products including pitch, tars, and oils rich in naphthalene. One of the important attributes of this type of reactor is its abiUty to produce variable quantities of ethylene as a coproduct by dropping the reaction temperature (20—22). 

During the 1980s few innovations were disclosed in the Hterature. The hydroxylation of phenol by hydrogen peroxide has been extensively studied in order to improve the catalytic system as well as to master the ratio of hydroquinone to catechol. Other routes, targeting a selective access to one of the dihydroxyben2enes, have appeared. World production capacities according to countries and process types are presented in Table 1. 

Specifications and Standards, Shipping. Commercial iodine has a minimum purity of 99.8%. The Committee of Analytical reagents of the American Chemical Society (67) and the U.S. Pharmacopoeia XXII (68) specify an iodine content not less than 99.8%, a maximum nonvolatile residue of 0.01%, and chlorine—bromine (expressed as chlorine) of 0.005% (ACS) and 0.028% (USP), respectively. In the past these requirements were attained basicaHy only by sublimation, but with processing changes these specifications can be met by direct production of iodine. Previously the impurities of the Chilean product were chiefly water, sulfuric acid, and insoluble materials. Improvements in the production process, and especiaHy in the refining step, aHow the direct obtainment of ACS-type iodine. Also, because of its origin and production process, the Chilean iodine has a chlorine—bromine impurity level of no more than 0.002%. 

Slurry Viscosity. Viscosities of magnesium hydroxide slurries are determined by the Brookfield Viscometer in which viscosity is measured using various combinations of spindles and spindle speeds, or other common methods of viscometry. Viscosity decreases with increasing rate of shear. Fluids, such as magnesium hydroxide slurry, that exhibit this type of rheological behavior are termed pseudoplastic. The viscosities obtained can be correlated with product or process parameters. Details of viscosity deterrnination for slurries are well covered in the Hterature (85,86). 

Thermal Process. In the manufacture of phosphoric acid from elemental phosphoms, white (yellow) phosphoms is burned in excess air, the resulting phosphoms pentoxide is hydrated, heats of combustion and hydration are removed, and the phosphoric acid mist collected. Within limits, the concentration of the product acid is controlled by the quantity of water added and the cooling capabiUties. Various process schemes deal with the problems of high combustion-zone temperatures, the reactivity of hot phosphoms pentoxide, the corrosive nature of hot phosphoric acid, and the difficulty of collecting fine phosphoric acid mist. The principal process types (Fig. 3) include the wetted-waH, water-cooled, or air-cooled combustion chamber, depending on the method used to protect the combustion chamber wall. 

---