Production of organic

The production of organic polymeric particles in tire size range of 30-300 nm by emulsion polymerization has become an important teclmological application of surfactants and micelles. Emulsion polymerization is very well and extensively reviewed in many monographs and texts [67, 68], but we want to briefly illustrated tire role of micelles in tliis important process. 

Some aryl halides occur naturally but most are the products of organic synthesis The methods by which aryl halides are prepared were recalled m Table 23 2... 

Fluorosulfuric acid [7789-21-17, HSO F, is a colodess-to-light yellow liquid that fumes strongly in moist air and has a sharp odor. It may be regarded as a mixed anhydride of sulfuric and hydrofluoric acids. Fluorosulfuric acid was first identified and characterized in 1892 (1). It is a strong acid and is employed as a catalyst and chemical reagent in a number of chemical processes, such as alkylation (qv), acylation, polymerization, sulfonation, isomerization, and production of organic fluorosulfates (see Friedel-CRAFTSreactions). 

Sodium iodide [7681-82-5] Nal, mol wt 149.92, mp 662°C, 84.66% I, forms colorless cubic crystals, which are soluble in water, ethanol, methanol, and acetone. It is used in photography, for the production of organic chemicals, and as an expectorant in cough medicines. Nal is separated by addition of sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate to an acidic iodide solution (see also Expectorants, antitussives, and related agents). 

R. G. Rice and J. A. Cotmvo, eds., O nej Chlorine Dioxide Oxidation Products of Organic Materials, International Ozone Association, Cleveland, Ohio, 1978. 

QuaHty control in the production of organic solvent finish removers may be done by gas—Hquid chromatography, which allows the manufacturer to determine the actual ratio of volatile solvent present in the finished product. If the product does not meet specifications, solvents can be added to bring the product to an acceptable composition. A less expensive approach is to use a hydrometer to determine the specific gravity of the product. The specific gravity indicates if the proper blend has been reached. Nonaqueous acid—base titration may be used to determine the amount of acid or alkaline activator present in a remover. 

The hydroxyl radical is responsible for some of the oxidation products of organic compounds by peroxonitrous acid. 

Production and Economic Aspects. The 1995 world production of organic titanates is estimated to be 8000—9000 metric tons, some of which is for captive use. Principal producers in the United States are Du Pont, Kenrich Petrochemicals, and Akzo Nobel in the United Kingdom, Tioxide U.K. in Japan, Nippon Soda, Matsumoto Trading, and Mitsubishi Gas Chemicals and in India, Synthochem. 

Chlorine Manufactured hy electrolysis, bleaching cotton and flour by-product of organic chemicals Textiles, chemicals Attacks entire respirato ry tract and mucous membrane of eye... 

Halogens Halide acids, moist, e.g., hydrocliloric hydrolysis products of organic hjJides ... 

Hydrochloric By-product of organic chlorination, salt process, and synthetic HCl HCl Absorption... 

Hydrogen sulfide is a commonly occurring decomposition product of organic matter. It is relatively water soluble at higher pHs where it is predominantly dissociated as and S ions. As the pH is decreased below 7, undissociated gas HjS begins to predominate and is released. Since its vapor density is > 1.0, HjS gas tends to settle in low places and creates a toxicity hazard. H S is readily oxidizable by a number of means to less toxic SO3" or 804 forms. 

Microbial cells are very attractive as a source of catalysts for the production of organic chemicals because of their broad range of enzymes capable of a wide variety of chemical reactions, some of which are illustrated in Table 2.1. 

Microbial cells, rather than plant and animal cells, are generally preferred for the production of organic chemicals. There are several reasons for this. 

The production of organic acids by micro-organisms, and especially citric add, is considered in detail in Chapter 4. In this section therefore we will only briefly consider dtric add production, from an energetics perspective. 

The large scale production of organic acids by micro-organisms... 

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