Production of Organic Chemicals

Finely divided calcium carbonate is widely used in the production of organic chemicals, either to regulate the pH in reaction vessels or to neutralise the excess acid required in certain reactions (e.g. sulfonation or nitration). It is also used as a component of hydrogenation catalysts. 

Heterogeneous catalysts are used on a large scale in the production of organic chemicals. The processes can be classified according to reaction type (Table 8-2). 

Catalytic hydrogenations are preferably carried out with metal catalysts based on Ni, Co, Pd, or Pt. In selective hydrogenations, undesired side reactions such as dou- 

Industrial Catalysis A Practical Approach, Second Edition. Jais Hagen Copyrighl 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA,Weinheim ISBN 3-527-31144-0 

Process or product Catalyst (main components) Conditions 

Dehydrogenation is the reverse reaction of hydrogenation. It is preferably carried out with metal oxide catalysts, but metal catalysts are also used at low temperatures since they favor the hydrogenolysis of C-C bonds. 

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Sodium iodide [7681-82-5] Nal, mol wt 149.92, mp 662°C, 84.66% I, forms colorless cubic crystals, which are soluble in water, ethanol, methanol, and acetone. It is used in photography, for the production of organic chemicals, and as an expectorant in cough medicines. Nal is separated by addition of sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate to an acidic iodide solution (see also Expectorants, antitussives, and related agents). 

Chlorine Manufactured hy electrolysis, bleaching cotton and flour by-product of organic chemicals Textiles, chemicals Attacks entire respirato ry tract and mucous membrane of eye... 

Microbial cells are very attractive as a source of catalysts for the production of organic chemicals because of their broad range of enzymes capable of a wide variety of chemical reactions, some of which are illustrated in Table 2.1. 

Microbial cells, rather than plant and animal cells, are generally preferred for the production of organic chemicals. There are several reasons for this. 

The major potential uses of wastes in cementing technology are summarized in Table 10-16. There are many Russian patents dealing with the use of wastes from the production of organic chemicals as cement additives. 

Of the 20 million barrels of petroleum consumed each day in the United States, 19 million is burned for energy. The remaining 1 million is used to provide raw material for the production of organic chemicals and polymers. Thus only one-twentieth of the hydrocarbons consumed daily goes into useful materials. The rest is burned for energy and ends up as heat and smoke. 

It is endothermic, and temperatures around 1400 K is required to shift the equilibrium to the right. Major uses of hydrogen are in the synthesis of ammonia, the hydrogenation of vegetable fats to make margarine, and the production of organic chemicals and hydrogen chloride. 

Chlorinated benzenes, otherwise known as DCBs, are used in the production of organic chemicals (e.g., herbicides, pesticides, and fungicides). Chronic exposures can result in liver injury. 

Coal and mineral oil are not only used as fuel, but they are moreover Important raw materials for the chemical Industry, especially as carbonaceous materials for the production of organic chemicals. For this use, mineral oils show two Important advantages as compared with coal (a) they are liquids and are therefor easier to handle and process (b) their compositions are complicated but easier to analyze. 

As seen from this review, CO2 diemistry is likely to have its second rebirth when it is extended to systems with transition metal participation. Even the first results disclose numerous possibilities for using CO2 in different chemical processes in the future. The industrial chemist is especially interested in producing usable compounds which are formed from the cheap chemical CO2. Further research should be done on the hydrocarboxylatton reactions of alkenes whereby saturated or unsalurated carboxylic acids are obtained. Aromatics or alkanes with activated hydrogen should also be possible reaction partners of carb(Hi dioxide. Future work will extend our knowledge of the scope of transition metal-C02 chemistry and of the potential uiUity of carbon dioxide as a feedstock for the production of organic chemicals. 

Although the history of the electrochemical industry can be traced to the early 1800s, few processes for the electrolytic production of organic chemicals have been commercialised [1]. The authors of this quote name four reasons for this phenomenon, namely, the slow development in the areas of ... 

The annual growth rate of many of these industries has been between 15 and 20% per year. Table VIII compares the installed capacity for a few chemicals in 1963 with those for 1973 and estimated for 1978-1979 (S4). The production of organic chemicals doubled between 1973 and 1978. Even with this increase, the need remains to import many of these chemicals. The political priority of other sectors of the industry make more rapid growth impossible. 

Crystallization is the process of forming a solid phase from solution. It is employed heavily as a separation process in the inorganic chemistry industry, particularly where salts are recovered from aqueous media. In the production of organic chemicals, crystallization is also used to recover product, to refine intermediate... 

MAJOR USES Production of organic chemicals insecticide for fumigating enclosed spaces gas chamber executions electroplating metal treatment. 

MAJOR USES Pesticide nematocide soil fumigant chemical intermediate in the production of organic chemicals. 

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