Big Chemical Encyclopedia

Chemical substances, components, reactions, process design ...

Articles Figures Tables About

Product defects, types

On further investigation by an internal FDA task force, the following recall definitions were established in 1973, which seemed to better define the types of product defects that currently are being found. The recalls are now divided into the following three classes. [Pg.641]

Despite the fact that not all details of the photographic process are completely understood, the overall mechanism for the production of the latent image is well known. Silver chloride, AgBr, crystallizes with the sodium chloride structure. While Schottky defects are the major structural point defect type present in most crystals with this structure, it is found that the silver halides, including AgBr, favor Frenkel defects (Fig. 2.5). [Pg.59]

For processes with relatively low compression rates such that the air entrained between the pellets is not readily pushed back out of the hopper, solid bed breakup will eliminate a pathway back to the hopper. In this case the entrained air will discharge with the extrudate and often create defects in the product. This type of problem is presented in Section 10.2.2. [Pg.235]

The relative solubilities reported are very crude estimates based on equilibrium solubility products. These estimates do not take into account variations in solubility as a function of pH, ionic strength, activities of various solution species (e.g., HCO "), redox state, particle size, surface defect types and concentrations, the concentration of various types of adsorbates, including natural organic matter, on mineral surface, or the presence of different types of bacteria or microbial biofilms on mineral surfaces. [Pg.466]

Introduction. Defects in citrus juices are manufacturing errors that affect the appearance or palatability of the product. Defects usually take the form of inclusions of harmless material that, in a small degree, may be unavoidable. The definition of a defect does not include any type of foreign material, the inclusion of which is totally unacceptable. [Pg.305]

Product defect complaints and adverse reaction data and trends should be periodically compared to determine if there is any correlation between unexpected numbers, types or severity of adverse reactions, and the number and type of reported product defects. [Pg.598]

The first type of complaint may be caused by problems such as faulty manufacture, product defects or deterioration as well as, particular to herbal medicines, adulteration of the herbal material. These complaints should be recorded in detail and the causes thoroughly investigated (e.g. by comparison with the reference samples kept from the same batch). There should also be written procedures to describe the action to be taken. [Pg.90]

Decreased synthesis of proa, (I), leading to less production of type I collagen because of several defects in the gene. [Pg.587]

While the Act specifies no criteria for measuring the severity of risk, two considerations seem logically relevant. First, what is the probability that the product defect will in fact injure consumers In other words, what fraction of the consumers who are exposed to the product will be injured Second, in those cases where the product will cause injury, what type of injury will occur Will that injury be death, serious bodily harm or merely minor injury In applying these considerations to specific products, the product s historical safety record will undoubtedly be relevant, as will an analysis of the conditions which must be present in order for the product defect to result in injury. In the latter con-... [Pg.349]

There are also cases in the food industry where crystallization is undesired even though the system is supersaturated in a certain component. Crystallization in such a product usually occurs during storage and leads to product defects. Table 13.3 shows examples of some products of this type. These include hard candies, some ungrained caramels, milk powders, and ice cream. In these products, crystallization of the sugars (either sucrose or lactose) leads to an undesirable texture, flavor loss, and/or appearance. The appearance of potassium tartrate in wine during storage is another example of undesired crystallization. [Pg.289]

The check sheet is a simple and useful tool that is often used in the early stages of a quality control program. It provides a uniform and consistent means for data collection and analysis. Like many of the traditional tools, the check sheet is defect oriented and is used to classify the types of defects frequently found for a product or service. It is used to spot problems areas by identifying defect types that frequently occur. As a result, a check sheet is often used as the input to the next tool, called the Pareto chart. The check sheet is most often tabular in format as presented in Example 2. [Pg.1858]

Example 2. For the same toy of Example 1, defect data have been collected on a weekly basis to attempt to classify the underlying sources of product defects. In particular, several defect types have been established, and the operators are given a matrix simply to track the number of defects of each category for a multiday study period. The resulting check sheet is presented as follows ... [Pg.1858]

Actions taken in response to a decision involve both the item itself and a data-capture system. Thus, at the simplest level, defective items can be removed from a production system, or a process can be stopped because it is no longer in control. At the same time, the inspector may need to capture the data in a form usable by the manufacturing system. Again, in a simple form, coimters for different defect types are often observed at inspection workstations, with the counter readings recorded at specific times. Another example of a manual system is for aircraft structural inspection (Drury et al. 1990), where an inspector provides details of each defect on a nonroutine repair card. [Pg.1899]

In practice melting may be completed earlier or later than the machine designer intended, which can often cause output rate instabilities and many types of product defects. As the melting rate also depends on operating temperatures, it cannot be easily predicted by measurement, although computer modelling is possible. [Pg.177]

Rather than focusing on a manufacturer s conduct, the legal theory of strict product liability focuses on the product itself. If the product is defective in any demonstrable way, liability attaches and the manufacturer may be held liable for the injuries of anyone hurt by the product. This type of tort liability is most prevalent in the manufacturing stage of our nanotechnology product legal life cycle. [Pg.132]

Defects are defined as those artifacts that are outside the window of acceptable attributes for the finished circuit board assembly. Thus, defects are not limited to the solder joints, specifically, but can also include damage to the circuit board material as well as degradation to component structures (e.g.,molding compound, leads or terminations, etc.). Defect types and their allowable frequencies (often expressed in parts-per-million solder joints or product units) vary with the different assembly processes and applications. Therefore, product drawings, in conjunction with industry standards (e.g., IPC-610), are used to establish accountable defect types for printed circuit boards. [Pg.950]

Evaluate a select set of systems thoroughly Select a small number of automated inspection systems to evaluate thoroughly and compare them against the system requirements. The evaluation should include a benchmark using printed circuit assemblies from production to determine the system s capabilities to detect accurately the important defect types within the required false reject rate, repeatedly make the required measurements, and not exceed the required test time. Elements of cost of ownership should be well understood, including test development time, maintenance skills and cost, expected system downtime, supplier support infrastructure, and supplier maintenance services and prices. [Pg.1265]

Plastic products are manufactured using a variety of processing techniques and materials. It is practically impossible to identify a plastic material or product by a visual inspection or a simple mechanical test. There are many reasons that necessitate the identification of plastics. One of the most common reasons is the need to identify plastic materials used in competitive products. Defective products returned from the field are quite often put through rigorous identification analysis. Sometimes it is necessary to identify a finished product at a later date in order to verify the material used during its manufacture. The custom compounders of reprocessed materials may also need to identify already processed material purchased from different sources. Quite often, processors find substantial quantities of plastic material, hot stamp foils, and decals in the warehouse without any labels to identify the particular type. A little knowledge of the identification process can save time and money. [Pg.292]

There are many obstacles involved in making a kinetic study of even the simplest of solid-state reactions ( ). In most solid-state reactions the impenetrable barrier to obtaining satisfactory rate data is the analysis of the products. This difficulty arises because conventional solvent and chemical separation techniques are not applicable. Another experimental difficulty arises from the fact that knowledge of the defect type and concentration must be known before any quantitative interpretation may be developed as to how the defect state affects solid-state reactions. Care must be taken at all times to keep the entire investigation within the boundary conditions set up by the methods used to investigate the data. [Pg.423]

Qualitative examples abound. Perfect crystals of sodium carbonate, sulfate, or phosphate may be kept for years without efflorescing, although if scratched, they begin to do so immediately. Too strongly heated or burned lime or plaster of Paris takes up the first traces of water only with difficulty. Reactions of this type tend to be autocat-alytic. The initial rate is slow, due to the absence of the necessary linear interface, but the rate accelerates as more and more product is formed. See Refs. 147-153 for other examples. Ruckenstein [154] has discussed a kinetic model based on nucleation theory. There is certainly evidence that patches of product may be present, as in the oxidation of Mo(lOO) surfaces [155], and that surface defects are important [156]. There may be catalysis thus reaction VII-27 is catalyzed by water vapor [157]. A topotactic reaction is one where the product or products retain the external crystalline shape of the reactant crystal [158]. More often, however, there is a complicated morphology with pitting, cracking, and pore formation, as with calcium carbonate [159]. [Pg.282]

Risk-Based Inspection. Inspection programs developed using risk analysis methods are becoming increasingly popular (15,16) (see Hazard ANALYSIS AND RISK ASSESSMENT). In this approach, the frequency and type of in-service inspection (IS I) is determined by the probabiUstic risk assessment (PRA) of the inspection results. Here, the results might be a false acceptance of a part that will fail as well as the false rejection of a part that will not fail. Whether a plant or a consumer product, false acceptance of a defective part could lead to catastrophic failure and considerable cost. Also, the false rejection of parts may lead to unjustified, and sometimes exorbitant, costs of operation (2). Risk is defined as follows ... [Pg.123]


See other pages where Product defects, types is mentioned: [Pg.122]    [Pg.372]    [Pg.1671]    [Pg.96]    [Pg.608]    [Pg.423]    [Pg.423]    [Pg.1859]    [Pg.1860]    [Pg.1874]    [Pg.72]    [Pg.177]    [Pg.178]    [Pg.180]    [Pg.192]    [Pg.227]    [Pg.236]    [Pg.88]    [Pg.370]    [Pg.374]    [Pg.241]    [Pg.325]    [Pg.175]    [Pg.294]    [Pg.303]    [Pg.375]    [Pg.529]    [Pg.75]    [Pg.34]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.608 ]




SEARCH



Defect types

Defective products

Product defects

Product types

© 2024 chempedia.info