Product benchmarking

The dot product benchmark shows the AP performing very favorably... 

G. T. Seaborg, "Transuranium Elements, Products of Modem Alchemy," Benchmark Papers in Physical Chemisty and Chemical Physics, Vol. 1, Dowden, Hutchison Ross, Stroudsburg, Pa., 1978. 

Cooper, R. G. and Kleinschmidt, E. J. 1995 Benchmarking the Finu s Critical Success Factors in New Product Development. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 12(5), 374-391. 

Parnaby, J. 1995 Design of the New Product Introduction Process to Achieve World Class Benchmarks. Proc. lEE Sci. Meas. Tech., 142(5), 338-344. 

A P2 audit differs from most other types of audits because it makes use of a dual benchmarking approach namely, it uses both technical (environmental performance) and financial performance as its basis for making corrective actions. The status quo most often serves as the benchmark, though other standards certainly can be devised. A P2 audit can also affect non-environmental issues. The types of corrective actions can affect other types of wastes, energy, occupational safety, product quality, and worker productivity. 

You need an improvement system that causes improvement opportunities to be identified. Relying on chance encounters will not create the conditions needed for continuous improvement. The data that needs to be analyzed will be generated by a particular process and this process governed by particular documented procedures. By having already placed instructions in these procedures for certain data to be transmitted to your data analysts, you can cause opportunities to be identified. Other opportunities that are less dependent on product or process data may arise from the audit process and particular projects such as benchmarking, customer and supplier surveys. 

The standard requires that goals and plans cover short-term and longer term and be based on analysis of competitive products and on benchmarking inside and outside the automotive industry and the supplier s commodity. 

Advanced product qualify planning and control plan reference manual ANFIA evaluation of quality systems - checklist ANFIA evaluation of quality systems - guidelines for use Benchmarking, Sylvia Coding (Gower, 1998)... 

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests whether one group of subjects (e.g., batch, method, laboratory, etc.) differs from the population of subjects investigated (several batches of one product different methods for the same parameter several laboratories participating in a round-robin test to validate a method, for examples see Refs. 5, 9, 21, 30. Multiple measurements are necessary to establish a benchmark variability ( within-group ) typical for the type of subject. Whenever a difference significantly exceeds this benchmark, at least two populations of subjects are involved. A graphical analogue is the Youden plot (see Fig. 2.1). An additive model is assumed for ANOVA. 

OS 31] ]R 16a] ]P 23] For benzene nitration, the results achieved in the capillary-flow micro reactor were benchmarked against results claimed in the patent literature (see Table 4.2) [97]. An analysis of conversion, by-product level, reaction time and reaction rate showed that the results achieved in micro reactors and conventional equipment are competitive, i.e. were similar. As tendencies, it seemed that the micro reactor can lead to a lower by-product level owing to its better temperature guiding and that reaction times can be further shortened. However, the corresponding results are not absolutely comparable in terms of reaction conditions and hence further data are required here. 

Conversion/selectivity/yield - by-product analysis - benchmarking... 

In this chapter, we focus on strategies, tools and metrics that help chemical choosers to green their chemical product inventories and to benchmark progress. The term chemical chooser applies to those who purchase chemicals for use in the development of formulated products or those who purchase formulated chemical products for use in their use in activities such as maintenance, repair and operations. Most product manufacturers are chemical and material choosers in contrast to chemical or raw material manufacturers who process, synthesize and supply chemicals as raw materials. 

Benchmark 1 characterizes chemical products as Avoid - Ghemical of High Goncern Benchmark 2 characterizes chemical products as Use but Search for Safer Substitutes Benchmark 3 characterizes chemicals as Use but StiU Opportunity for Improvement and Benchmark 4 characterizes chemicals as Prefer - Safer Ghemical . 

If this chemical and its breakdown products pass all of these criteria, then move on to Benchmark 3... 

Figure 8.3 The Green Screen for Safer Chemicals Benchmarks. Reproduced with permission of Clean Production Action.

Benchmark 4 Prefer - Safer Chemical. Only organic chemicals with low inherent toxicity to humans and wildlife, that do not bio accumulate, and rapidly and completely degrade to benign degradation products or metabolites reach Benchmark 4. These are chemicals that would meet the principles of green chemistry that relate to hazard. 

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